How Google Search Works

How Google Search works as it relates to TD Synnex, Ingram Micro, D&H, Bluestar, Cisco Meraki and Cisco resellers. Including contract holders that support the Standing Offers and Supply Agreements (SOSA), Supply Arrangements (SA), National Master Standing Offers (NMSO), Regional Master Standing Offers (RMSO), National Individual Standing Offers (NISO), Regional Individual Standing Offers (RISO), Departmental Individual Standing Offers (DISO), NASA SEWP V, CIO-CS, ITES-SW2, 2GIT, PEPPM, CMAS, Quilt, Department of Commerce, Department of Labor, Ohio STS and GSA MAS.

Every time a Google user does a keyword search, there are thousands, sometimes millions of webpages or other content (images, videos, podcasts, news etc...) that might be a match to the user's search request. Google's mandate is to display the top 10 ranking webpages based on their 1st page using a sophisicated alogrithm and in order for you to get listed on the 1st page, all you have to do is host world's best SEO optimized content on your website for those matching keywords.

How Google Search Works

Video Transcript:

Every day, billions of people come here with questions about all kinds of things.

Sometimes we even get questions about Google Search itself, like how this whole thing actually works.

And while this is a subject entire books have been written about, there is a good chance you're in the market for something a little more concise.

So let's say it's getting close to dinner and you want a recipe for lasagna.

You've probably seen this before.

But let's go a little deeper.

Since the beginning, back when the home page looked like this, Google has been continuously mapping the web, hundreds of billions of pages, to create something called an index.

Think of it as the giant library we look through whenever you do a search for lasagna or anything else.

Now, the word lasagna shows up a lot on the web-- pages about the history of lasagna, articles by scientists whose last name happened to be Lasagna, stuff other people might be looking for.

But if you're hungry, randomly clicking through millions of links is no fun.

This is where Google's ranking algorithms come into play.

First, they try to understand what you're looking for so they can be helpful even if you don't know exactly the right words to use or if your spelling is a little off.

Then they sift through millions of possible matches in the index and automatically assemble a page that tries to put the most relevant information up top for you to choose from.

OK.

Now we have some results.

But how did the algorithms actually decide what made it onto the first page? There are hundreds of factors that go into ranking search results.

So let's talk about a few of them.

You may already know that pages containing the words you search for are more likely to end up at the top.

No surprise there.

But the location of those words, like in the page's title, or in an image's caption, those are factors, too.

There's a lot more to ranking than just words.

Back when Google got started, we looked at how pages linked to each other to better understand what pages were about and how important and trustworthy they seemed.

Today, linking is still an important factor.

Another factor is location, where a search happens.

Because, if you happen to be in Ormea, Italy, you might be looking for information about their annual lasagna festival.

But if you're in Omaha, Nebraska, you probably aren't.

When a web page was uploaded is an important factor, too.

Pages published more recently often have more accurate information, especially in the case of a rapidly developing news story.

Of course, not every site on the web is trying to be helpful.

Just like with robocalls on your phone or spam in your email, there are a lot of sites that only exist to scam.

And every day, scammers upload millions more of them.

So just because InstantVirusDownload.

net lists the words "lasagna recipe" 400 times, that doesn't mean it's going to help you make dinner.

We spend a lot of time trying to stay one step ahead of tricks like these, making sure our algorithms can recognize scam sites and flag them before they make it to your search results page.

So let's review.

Billions of times a day, whenever someone searches for lasagna, or resume writing tips, or how to swaddle a baby, or anything else, Google software locates all the potentially relevant results on the web, removes all the spam, and ranks them based on hundreds of factors, like keywords, links, location, and freshness.

OK.

Good time to take a breath.

This last part is about how we make changes to Search.

And it's important.

Since 1998, when Google went online, people seem to have found our results pretty helpful.

But the web is always changing and people are always searching for new things.

In fact, one in every seven searches is for something that's never been typed into the search box before by anyone ever.

So we're always working on updates to Search, thousands every year.

Which brings up a big question.

How do we decide whether a change is making Search more helpful? Well, one of the ways we evaluate potential updates to Search is by asking people like you.

Every day, thousands of Search quality raters look at samples of Search results side by side, then give feedback about the relevance and reliability of the information.

To make sure those evaluations are consistent, the raters follow a list of Search quality evaluator guidelines.

Think of them as our publicly available guide to what makes a good result good.

Oh, and one last thing to remember.

We use responses from raters to evaluate changes.

But they don't directly impact how Search results are ranked.

So there you have it.

Every time you click Search, our algorithms are analyzing the meaning of the words in your search, matching them to the content on the web, understanding what content is most likely to be helpful and reliable, and then automatically putting it all together in a neatly organized page designed to get you the info you need.

All in, oh, 0.

81 seconds? Wow.

Anyone else ready for dinner? Interested in learning more? We've got a whole website dedicated to how Search works.

Just click right here.

Want to read the Search Quality Rater Guidelines for yourself?

SEO Google instructions for TD Synnex, Ingram Micro, D&H, Bluestar, Cisco Meraki, Cisco, NASA SEWP V, REMC SAVE, CIO-CS, ITES-SW2, 2GIT, PEPPM, CMAS, Department of Commerce, Department of Labor, Ohio STS

How Real People Make Google Search Better

Video Transcript:

Every year, Google runs hundreds of thousands of tests to see if a change we're considering to Search will actually make it better for the people who use it.

One of the essential ways we test for that is by turning to real people.

We call them Search Quality Raters.

There are over 10,000 of them around the world.

And though the job title sounds simple, what they do is actually quite rigorous work.

It starts with our "Search Quality Evaluator's Guidelines," a publicly available manual every rater studies and is tested on before providing ratings.

This gives raters clear guidance on how to evaluate things like relevance, trustworthiness, and expertise.

Then when we're considering a change to Search, we ask a large number of raters to each review hundreds to thousands of searches.

For each search, raters see results from two versions of Google and then open every link listed to provide a quality rating for each.

Because raters are required to give ratings based on common guidelines, free of personal opinions and beliefs, the rating process demands a lot of additional research, like who an author is and if other reputable sources view them as authorities.

Though a rater's task is to give a rating to each page they see, that one rating doesn't directly affect how that one page will rank in real-world searches.

Instead, we look at all the ratings from all the raters across a wide range of searches to see which version of Google consistently delivered the highest quality and most helpful results.

Last year alone, we ran over 380,000 search quality tests, plus nearly 63,000 with our Search Quality Raters, resulting in more than 3,600 improvements to our search algorithms.

And while our search results can always improve, this process has been very effective over the past 20 years in helping us ensure the changes we make meet the quality standards that people everywhere have come to expect from Google.

How Google Search Continues To Improve Results

Video Transcript:

There is a lot of information on the internet, like a lot a lot.

And at Google, it's our mission to organize it all and connect you with the information that you actually find useful-- like this.

These blue links are web results, a list of web pages ranked according to how relevant they are to what you've searched.

Pretty useful.

But for more than 20 years, we've been constantly working to find new ways to improve search.

Let's say you want to know more about how to bake a carrot cake.

As soon as you start typing, you'll see predicted searches start to appear.

This is called auto complete, a predictive feature that matches what you're typing to common searches to save you time.

And after you've made your search, you might run into other useful features, like featured snippets, which highlight web pages that we think are especially likely to contain relevant information, and knowledge panels, which give you a quick snapshot of facts about people, places, and things, and the relationships between them.

Our goal is for these features to help you find helpful information and web pages right away so you can spend more of your time doing, well, whatever it was that sparked your question in the first place.

But as important as it is that you get your information as quickly as possible, what's even more important is that that information is actually reliable and useful.

That's where our ranking systems come in.

When you type something into search, these systems, which are sometimes called algorithms, try to find matches between what you're searching and what's on the web, considering everything from keywords in your query to how recently the page was published, but no system is perfect, and sometimes ours may miss the mark and show you content that really isn't that relevant or doesn't come from the most reliable sources.

You might think we could just fix the results for that specific search, but with billions of searches per day, there's no way that anyone could manually decide which pieces of content should be ranked above others.

Here's what we do instead.

Make search better.

We do that by coming up with improvements to our systems that we think might help, not just those queries that turn up unreliable or irrelevant results, but a broad range of similar searches.

In 2019 alone, we ended up making more than 3,620 improvements to search, for an average of nearly 10 improvements a day.

These changes help us with ranking our blue link web results and our search features, like auto complete, knowledge panels, and featured snippets.

We also have additional policies that apply to our search features.

Because these features are highlighted in a unique way on the page, these policies cover what's not allowed to appear in them, especially when it comes to information that might be offensive, dangerous, or incorrect.

Our systems are designed to avoid showing content that violates these policies, but every now and then, we do have to remove incorrect or policy violating information from search features ourselves, sometimes when we're alerted to issues based on feedback from our users.

Then we look into what caused the issue, take what we've learned, and keep improving our systems, with the goal of preventing this kind of thing from happening again.

So to sum it all up, no system is perfect.

But at Google, we're working every day to help you find what you're looking for just when you need it, and any other questions that might cross your mind.

How Ads Appear In Google Search

Video Transcript:

When you're on the hunt for something-- say, the perfect camping chair-- you might come to Google for help.

And when you do, we'll end up showing you a lot of information about camping chairs.

A page like this actually displays two types of information related to your search-- search results and ads.

Search results show content from across the web, and which ones appear is determined solely by what Google systems think are most relevant to your query.

No one pays to be included in search results.

Then there's the ads that may appear.

Ads are always clearly labeled to help distinguish them from the search results, but the two actually share something in common.

You're seeing these links because our systems believe they'll be helpful to your search, like a site listed in your search results that reviews the top camping chairs of the year and an ad from a business highlighting its best-selling chairs.

Just like how TV networks run ads to help pay for the programming they produce, ads are how Google is able to keep Search working and free for everyone to use.

But instead of businesses paying just for their ads to be seen, businesses pay Google only when a user interacts with their ad, which does happen.

It turns out that along with the best information we can surface in search results, ads are often an additional helpful way to connect users with the products, services, or businesses they're searching for.

Like a local shop with a sale on camping chairs obviously wants to reach people shopping for camping chairs.

And people like you who are searching for camping chairs will probably be interested in a sale on them.

So when you see that store's ad, you may find it useful, click it, and ultimately purchase a chair.

The business gets a new customer.

Google gets paid for a click.

And you get just the chair you were looking for.

Ads are only displayed in clearly marked sections of the page.

And we only show them if they'll be useful.

That's why some queries turn up just one or two ads.

There could be more advertisers out there, but if our systems determine their ads aren't relevant to your search, you won't see them.

And for most searches, that means no ads.

Over the last four years, over 80% of searches on Google-- like ones for the weather, translations, or who's that guy from that thing-- didn't have any ads at the top of the results.

Search has always been about bringing you the most helpful information.

And when we do it right, you find exactly what you're looking for.

How Your Location Makes Google Search More Helpful

Video Transcript:

At Google, we help connect people around the world with useful, relevant information.

And sometimes, the most helpful information depends on where you are.

Here's an example.

Let's say it's a weekend and you're in the mood for some pizza.

If we didn't take account of where you are when you search, our top results might only turn up the most popular pizza places in the world, which probably couldn't help with tonight's dinner.

But by using your location, Search can help you find all kinds of restaurants that serve and deliver pizza near you, including the local places that have those toppings that you really like.

And that's not all.

Using a location, Search can help find local services, like ATMs and grocery stores, and turn up results that don't have a physical location but are most helpful if location is taken into account-- like when to put the recycling out in your neighborhood.

But you may be wondering, how does it work? It's actually pretty simple.

When you search, we estimate your location in three key ways.

First, every device that's connected to the internet has something called an IP address, which is necessary to use the internet and also indicates basic location data, sort of like how the area code of a phone number can give the general idea of where a call is coming from.

When your device requests to connect to a web page, the site sees your IP address.

So when someone uses Search, Google sees their IP address, which indicates the general area, such as the region, city, or neighborhood that they're searching from.

This helps us better understand how to show locally relevant results.

Second, depending on your settings, we sometimes use your past activity on Google-- for example, places you've previously searched for.

And if you're signed in, we might also use your saved home and work address or location history if you've turned that on.

And finally, if you'd like the very best local results, enable your device's location permission to send this info to Google.

We can then use this precise location to get you the most helpful result.

Factoring in location when it matters helps our systems do an even better job of ranking hundreds of billions of web pages and places.

All this is taken into account by our systems in an instant, and content is ranked according to how relevant it is to your query and, when appropriate, where you are.

At Google, we're always looking for ways to connect all of our users with information they'll find helpful.

Location helps us do this, and it can make a big difference.

So you can find what you need just when you need it.

Meaning
Relevance
Quality
Usability
Context

Meaning of your Query

Google first needs to establish what you're looking for -- the intent behind your query.

To do this, Google builds language models to try and decipher how the relatively few words you enter into the search box match up to the most useful content available.

This involves steps as seemingly simple as recognizing and correcting spelling mistakes, and extends to Google's sophisticated synonym system that allows Google to find relevant documents even if they don't contain the exact words you used. For exmaple. you might have searched for "change laptop brightness" but the manufacturer has written "adjust laptop brightness". Google's systems understand the words are related and so connect you with the right content. This sytem took over five years to develop and significantly improves results in over 30% of searches across languages.

A system that is always learning what you really need

Google’s systems also try to understand what type of information you are looking for. If you used words in your query like “cooking” or “pictures,” Google’s systems figure out that showing recipes or images may best match your intent. If you search in French, most results displayed will be in that language, as it’s likely what you want. Google’s systems can also recognize many queries have a local intent, so that when you search for “pizza,” you get results about nearby businesses that deliver.

If you search for trending keywords, Google’s systems understand that up-to-date information might be more useful than older pages. This means that when you’re searching for sports scores, company earnings or anything related that's especially new, you’ll see the latest information.

Relevance of Content

It all begins with the correct keywords

Next, Google’s systems analyze the content to assess whether it contains information that might be relevant to what you are looking for.

The most basic signal that information is relevant is when content contains the same keywords as your search query. For example, with webpages, if those keywords appear on the page, or if they appear in the headings or body of the text, the information might be more relevant.?

What is it that you are a really searching for??

Beyond looking at keywords, Google’s systems also analyze if content is relevant to a query in other ways. Google also uses aggregated and anonymized interaction data to assess whether search results are relevant to queries. Google transforms that data into signals that helps their machine-learned systems better estimate relevance. Just think: when you search for “dogs”, you likely don’t want a page with the word “dogs” on it hundreds of times. With that in mind, algorithms assess if a page contains other relevant content beyond the keyword “dogs” — such as pictures of dogs, videos, or even a list of breeds.

It’s important to note that, while Google’s systems do look for these kind of quantifiable signals to assess relevance, they are not designed to analyze subjective concepts such as the viewpoint or political leaning of a page’s content.

Quality of Content

Expertise – Authority – Trust

After identifying relevant content, Google’s systems aim to prioritize those that seem most helpful. To do this, they identify signals that can help determine which content demonstrates expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness.

For example, one of several factors Google uses to help determine this is understanding if other prominent websites link or refer to the content. This has often proven to be a good sign that the information is well trusted. Aggregated feedback from Google’s Search quality evaluation process is used to further refine how their systems discern the quality of information.

Content on the web and the broader information ecosystem is constantly changing, and Google continuously measures and assesses the quality of their systems to ensure that they’re achieving the right balance of information relevance and authoritativeness to maintain your trust in the results you see.

Context and Settings

It’s all about location, location, location!?

Information such as your location, past Search history, and Search settings all help them to ensure your results are what is most useful and relevant for you in that moment.

Google uses your country and location to deliver content relevant for your area. For instance, if you’re in Chicago and you search “football”, Google will most likely show you results about American football and the Chicago Bears first. Whereas if you search “football” in London, Google will show results about soccer and the Premier League. Search settings are also an important indicator of which results you’re likely to find useful, such as if you set a preferred language or opted in to SafeSearch (a tool that helps filter out explicit results).

In some instances, Google may also use your recent Search activity to present more relevant results. For instance, if you search for “Barcelona” and recently searched for “Barcelona vs Arsenal”, that could be an important clue that you want information about the football club, not the city.

Creating awareness about what is “near you” and making it accessible ?

Search also includes some features that personalize results based on the activity in your Google account. For example, if you search for “events near me” Google may tailor some recommendations to event categories they think you may be interested in.

These systems are designed to match your interests, but they are not designed to infer sensitive characteristics like your race, religion, or political party.

You can control what Search activity is used to improve your Search experience, including adjusting what data is saved to your Google account, at myaccount.google.com. To disable Search personalization based on activity in your account, turn off Web & App Activity.

You can also find content preferences like SafeSearch in settings. These help you make a choice about whether search results include graphic content that may be shocking for some users.

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Location

Definitions

Contracts

Competitors

Locations We Serve

Canada (41 area codes)

Alberta
(403, 587, 780)
Alberta is the most populous Prairie province. The province, and the world-famous Lake Louise in the Rocky Mountains, were both named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. Alberta has five national parks, including Banff National Park, established in 1885. The rugged Badlands house some of the world’s richest deposits of prehistoric fossils and dinosaur finds. Alberta is the largest producer of oil and gas, and the oil sands in the north are being developed as a major energy source. Alberta is also renowned for agriculture, especially for the vast cattle ranches that make Canada one of the world’s major beef producers.
- 403: Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Airdrie, Lacombe, Strathmore, Banff, Olds
- 578: Calgary, Edmonton, Fort Mcmurray, Red Deer, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Grande Prairie, Banff, Drayton Valley
- 780: Edmonton, Fort Mcmurray, Sherwood Park, Grande Prairie, Spruce Grove, Camrose, Leduc, Fort Saskatchewan, Cold Lake, Hinton
British Columbia
(236, 250, 604, 778)
British Columbia (B.C.), on the Pacific coast, is Canada’s western most province, with a population of four million. The Port of Vancouver is our gateway to the Asia-Pacific. About one-half of all the goods produced in B.C. are forestry products, including lumber, newsprint, and pulp and paper products—the most valuable forestry industry in Canada. B.C. is also known for mining, fishing, and the fruit orchards and wine industry of the Okanagan Valley. B.C. has the most extensive park system in Canada, with approximately 600 provincial parks. The province’s large Asian communities have made Chinese and Punjabi the most spoken languages in the cities after English. The capital, Victoria, is a tourist centre and headquarters of the navy’s Pacific fleet.
- 236: Vancouver, Victoria, Burnaby, Kelowna, Nanaimo, Chilliwack, Kamloops, New Westminster, Langley, Duncan
- 250: Victoria, Kelowna, Nanaimo, Kamloops, Prince George, Vernon, Penticton, Campbell River, Courtenay, Duncan
- 604: Vancouver, Surrey, Burnaby, Richmond, Abbotsford, Coquitlam, Delta, Chilliwack, White Rock, New Westminster
- 778: Vancouver, Surrey, Victoria, Burnaby, Abbotsford, Kelowna, Nanaimo, Chilliwack, Kamloops, Prince George
Manitoba
(204, 431)
Manitoba’s economy is based on agriculture, mining and hydro-electric power generation. The province’s most populous city is Winnipeg, whose Exchange District includes the most famous street intersection in Canada, Portage and Main. Winnipeg’s French Quarter, St. Boniface, has Western Canada’s largest Francophone community at 45,000. Manitoba is also an important centre of Ukrainian culture, with 14% reporting Ukrainian origins, and the largest Aboriginal population of any province, at over 15%.
- 204: Winnipeg, Brandon, Thompson, Selkirk, Steinbach, Dauphin, Winkler, The Pas, Flin Flon, Altona
- 431: Winnipeg, Brandon, Dauphin
New Brunswick
(506)
Situated in the Appalachian Range, the province was founded by the United Empire Loyalists and has the second largest river system on North America’s Atlantic coastline, the St. John River system. Forestry, agriculture, fisheries, mining, food processing and tourism are the principal industries. Saint John is the largest city, port and manufacturing centre; Moncton is the principal Francophone Acadian centre; and Fredericton, the historic capital. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, and about one-third of the population lives and works in French. The province’s pioneer Loyalist and French cultural heritage and history come alive in street festivals and traditional music.
- 506: Saint John, Moncton, Fredericton, Edmundston, Bathurst, Oromocto, Campbellton, Sackville, Sussex, Richibucto
Newfoundland & Labrador
(709)
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly point in North America and has its own time zone. In addition to its natural beauty, the province has a unique heritage linked to the sea. The oldest colony of the British Empire and a strategic prize in Canada’s early history, the province has long been known for its fisheries, coastal fishing villages and distinct culture. Today off-shore oil and gas extraction contributes a substantial part of the economy. Labrador also has immense hydro-electric resources.
- 709: Labrador City, Deer Lake, Gander, Wabush
Nortwest Territories
(867)
The Northwest Territories (N.W.T.) were originally made up in 1870 from Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory. The capital, Yellowknife (population 20,000), is called the “diamond capital of North America.” More than half the population is Aboriginal (Dene, Inuit and Métis). The Mackenzie River, at 4,200 kilometres, is the second-longest river system in North America after the Mississippi and drains an area of 1.8 million square kilometres.
- 867: Yellowknife, Hay River, Inuvik, Fort Smith, Aklavik
Nova Scotia
(782, 902)
Nova Scotia is the most populous Atlantic Province, with a rich history as the gateway to Canada. Known for the world’s highest tides in the Bay of Fundy, the province’s identity is linked to shipbuilding, fisheries and shipping. As Canada’s largest east coast port, deep-water and ice-free, the capital, Halifax, has played an important role in Atlantic trade and defence and is home to Canada’s largest naval base. Nova Scotia has a long history of coal mining, forestry and agriculture. Today there is also off-shore oil and gas exploration. The province’s Celtic and Gaelic traditions sustain a vibrant culture. Nova Scotia is home to over 700 annual festivals, including the spectacular military tattoo in Halifax.
- 782: Yarmouth, Halifax
- 902: Halifax, Sydney, Dartmouth, Truro, New Glasgow, Glace Bay, Kentville, Amherst, Bridgewater, Yarmouth

Nunavut
(867)
Nunavut, meaning “our land” in Inuktitut, was established in 1999 from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories, including all of the former District of Keewatin. The capital is Iqaluit, formerly Frobisher Bay, named after the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who penetrated the uncharted Arctic for Queen Elizabeth I in 1576. The 19-member Legislative Assembly chooses a premier and ministers by consensus. The population is about 85% Inuit, and Inuktitut is an official language and the first language in schools.
- 867: Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet, Cambridge Bay, Hall Beach
Ontario
(226, 249, 289, 343, 365, 416, 437, 519, 613, 647, 705, 807, 905)
At more than 12 million, the people of Ontario make up more than one-third of Canadians. The large and culturally diverse population, natural resources and strategic location contribute to a vital economy. Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the country’s main financial centre. Many people work in the service or manufacturing industries, which produce a large percentage of Canada’s exports. The Niagara region is known for its vineyards, wines and fruit crops. Ontario farmers raise dairy and beef cattle, poultry, and vegetable and grain crops. Founded by United Empire Loyalists, Ontario also has the largest Frenchspeaking population outside of Quebec, with a proud history of preserving their language and culture. There are five Great Lakes located between Ontario and the United States: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan (in the U.S.A.) and Lake Superior, the largest freshwater lake in the world.
- 226: London, Windsor, Kitchener, Guelph, Brantford, Sarnia, Woodstock, Orangeville, Stratford, Owen Sound
- 249: Barrie, Sudbury, Peterborough, North Bay
- 289: Mississauga, Hamilton, Brampton, Oshawa, Oakville, Burlington, Ajax, Milton, Newmarket, Welland
- 343: Ottawa, Kingston, Belleville, Cornwall, Brockville, Perth, Bancroft
- 365: Hamilton, Oshawa, Oakville, Burlington, Milton, Newmarket, Dunnville
- 416: Etobicoke, Toronto
- 437: Toronto
- 519: London, Windsor, Kitchener, Cambridge, Guelph, Brantford, Sarnia, Woodstock, Orangeville, Stratford
- 613: Ottawa, Kingston, Belleville, Cornwall, Brockville, Pembroke, Hawkesbury, Smiths Falls, Carleton Place, Arnprior
- 647: Toronto
- 705: Barrie, Sudbury, Peterborough, North Bay, Timmins, Midland, Orillia, Huntsville, Collingwood, Elliot Lake
- 807: Thunder Bay, Fort Frances, Marathon, Webequie, Sioux Lookout, White River, Nestor Falls, Dryden, Kenora
- 905: Mississauga, Hamilton, Brampton, Markham, Oshawa, Richmond Hill, Oakville, Burlington, Ajax, Toronto
Prince Edward Island
(782, 902)
Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) is the smallest province, known for its beaches, red soil and agriculture, especially potatoes. P.E.I. is the birthplace of Confederation, connected to mainland Canada by one of the longest continuous multispan bridges in the world, the Confederation Bridge. Anne of Green Gables, set in P.E.I. by Lucy Maud Montgomery, is a much-loved story about the adventures of a little red-headed orphan girl.
- 782: Charlottetown
- 902: Charlottetown, Kensington
Quebec
(418, 438, 450, 514, 579, 581, 819, 873)
Nearly eight million people live in Quebec, the vast majority along or near the St. Lawrence River. More than three-quarters speak French as their first language. The resources of the Canadian Shield have helped Quebec to develop important industries, including forestry, energy and mining. Quebec is Canada’s main producer of pulp and paper. The province’s huge supply of fresh water has made it Canada’s largest producer of hydro-electricity. Quebecers are leaders in cutting-edge industries such as pharmaceuticals and aeronautics. Quebec films, music, literary works and food have international stature, especially in La Francophonie, an association of French-speaking nations. Montreal, Canada’s second largest city and the second largest mainly French-speaking city in the world after Paris, is famous for its cultural diversity.
- 418: Quebec, Levis, Jonquiere, Rimouski, Thetford Mines, Gaspe, Matane, Montmagny, Chibougamau, Amqui
- 438: Montreal
- 450: Laval, Longueuil, Terrebonne, Granby, Chateauguay, Boucherville, Joliette, Cowansville, Acton Vale, Montreal
- 514: Pierrefonds, Montreal
- 579: Granby, Joliette, Sorel
- 581: Quebec, Thetford Mines, Chicoutimi
- 819: Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Shawinigan, Victoriaville, Becancour, La Tuque, La Sarre, Maniwaki, Temiscaming, Macamic
- 873: Sherbrooke, Victoriaville, Hull
Saskatchewan
(306, 639)
Saskatchewan, once known as the “breadbasket of the world” and the “wheat province,” has 40% of the arable land in Canada and is the country’s largest producer of grains and oilseeds. It also boasts the world’s richest deposits of uranium and potash, used in fertilizer, and produces oil and natural gas. Regina, the capital, is home to the training academy of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Saskatoon, the largest city, is the headquarters of the mining industry and an important educational, research and technology centre.
- 306: Saskatoon, Regina, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, North Battleford, Lloydminster, Yorkton, Swift Current, Estevan, Weyburn
- 639: Saskatoon, Regina, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, North Battleford, Lloydminster, Estevan
Yukon
(867)
Thousands of miners came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush of the 1890s, as celebrated in the poetry of Robert W. Service. Mining remains a significant part of the economy. The White Pass and Yukon Railway opened from Skagway in neighbouring Alaska to the territorial capital, Whitehorse in 1900 and provides a spectacular tourist excursion across precipitous passes and bridges. Yukon holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C).
- 867: Whitehorse, Watson Lake, Dawson City, Carmacks

United States (319 area codes)

Alabama
(205, 251, 256, 334, 938)
The state of Alabama is named after the river which European explorers named after a local Native American tribe, according to the Alabama Department of Archives and History. Historians believe the tribe name is a portmanteau combining Alba (vegetation) and Amo (gatherer), which makes sense since Native Americans cleared a lot of the land in the state to grow vegetables. While the origin is debatable, here is a fun fact about Alabama: It’s the only state whose official drink is an alcoholic beverage.
- 205: Birmingham, Tuscaloosa, Vestavia Hills, Alabaster, Bessemer, Homewood, Northport, Mountain Brook, Helena, Hueytown
- 251: Mobile, Daphne, Prichard, Fairhope, Foley, Saraland, Gulf Shores, Atmore, Bay Minette, Spanish Fort
- 256: Huntsville, Decatur, Florence, Gadsden, Athens, Anniston, Albertville, Oxford, Talladega, Cullman
- 334: Montgomery, Dothan, Auburn, Phenix City, Prattville, Opelika, Enterprise, Selma, Troy, Millbrook
- 938: Huntsville, Decatur, Florence, Gadsden, Athens, Anniston, Albertville, Oxford, Talladega, Cullman
Alaska
(907)
The Russians sold Alaska to the United States in 1867. The name is sometimes loosely translated from the Aleut word “Alyeska” meaning “great land,” which is understandable because the state is bigger than Texas, California, and Montana combined. These days, Alaska’s willing to pay you $1,000 to move—and stay—there.
- 907: Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks, Eagle River, College, Ketchikan, Kalifornsky, Kenai, Bethel, Kodiak
Arizona
(480, 520, 602, 623, 928)
Historians disagree over how Arizona got its name: One theory is that the name is derived from Papago tribal words meaning “place of the young spring.” Another theory is that the name derives from a Spanish word meaning “good oak tree.” The office of the governor notes that the written history of Arizona began in Spanish (when exploration parties ventured northward from Mexico).
- 480: Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert, Scottsdale, Tempe, Apache Junction, Paradise Valley, Guadalupe, Cave Creek, Phoenix
- 520: Tucson, Yuma, Flagstaff, Casa Grande, Maricopa, Sierra Vista, Prescott, Marana, Florence, Sahuarita
- 602: Paradise Valley, Glendale, Phoenix
- 623: Glendale, Peoria, Avondale, Buckeye, Sun City, El Mirage, Tolleson, Cave Creek, Gila Bend, Phoenix
- 928: Peoria, Yuma, Flagstaff, Lake Havasu City, Buckeye, Prescott, Bullhead City, Kingman, Payson, Somerton
Arkansas
(479, 501, 870)
The state of Arkansas was named after a Native American tribe the Akana. “Arkansas” means “south wind” (i.e., “downstream”)—the tribe lived downstream from the major Algonquin tribe in the area. It stuck, at least in theory, although the spelling and pronunciation varied until well into the 19th century when the state passed a law declaring the spelling to be “Arkansas” but the pronunciation to be AR-can-saw. Contrary to Internet folklore, there is no penalty or other legal liability for misspelling or mispronouncing the state’s name, but there are some weird things that are actually banned in the United States.
- 479: Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Rogers, Bentonville, Russellville, Van Buren, Siloam Springs, Clarksville
- 501: Little Rock, North Little Rock, Conway, Hot Springs, Benton, Sherwood, Jacksonville, Cabot, Searcy, Bryant
- 870: Jonesboro, El Dorado, Blytheville, Forrest City, Harrison, Magnolia, Camden, Helena-West Helena, Arkadelphia, Batesville
California
(209, 213, 279, 310, 323, 408, 415, 424, 442, 510, 530, 559, 562, 619, 626, 628, 650, 657, 661, 669, 707, 714, 747, 760, 805, 818, 820, 831, 858, 909, 916, 925, 949, 951)
The name comes from the Spanish legend of Queen Califa, ruler of an island called “California” (yes, the early explorers thought they were on an island). When Cortéz landed on Baja California, he believed he had found the island of Queen Califa, populated only by women who used gold to make tools and weapons. He wasn’t far wrong when, three centuries later, gold was discovered in California.
- 209: Fresno, Stockton, Modesto, Tracy, Merced, Manteca, Turlock, Lodi, Ceres, Los Banos
- 213: East Los Angeles, Inglewood, Compton, South Gate, Hawthorne, Lynwood, Montebello, Monterey Park, Huntington Park, Los Angeles
- 279: Sacramento, Elk Grove, Roseville, Citrus Heights, Rancho Cordova, Carmichael, Rocklin, West Sacramento, Florin, Lincoln
- 310: Torrance, Inglewood, Compton, Carson, Santa Monica, Hawthorne, Lakewood, Lynwood, Redondo Beach, Los Angeles
- 323: East Los Angeles, Inglewood, South Gate, Hawthorne, Lynwood, Montebello, Monterey Park, Huntington Park, Bell Gardens, Los Angeles
- 408: San Jose, Salinas, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Milpitas, Palo Alto, Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Campbell
- 415: San Francisco, Daly City, San Rafael, Novato, Mill Valley, San Anselmo, Corte Madera, Tiburon, Fairfax, Sausalito
- 424: Torrance, Inglewood, Compton, Carson, Santa Monica, Hawthorne, Lynwood, Redondo Beach, Gardena, Los Angeles
- 442: Oceanside, Escondido, Victorville, Carlsbad, Vista, Hesperia, San Marcos, Indio, Encinitas, Cathedral City
- 510: Oakland, Fremont, Hayward, Berkeley, Richmond, San Leandro, Alameda, Union City, Castro Valley, Newark
- 530: Sacramento, Redding, Chico, Davis, Yuba City, Woodland, Paradise, South Lake Tahoe, Truckee, Oroville
- 559: Fresno, Visalia, Clovis, Madera, Tulare, Porterville, Hanford, Lemoore, Reedley, Sanger
- 562: Long Beach, Norwalk, Compton, South Gate, Whittier, Lakewood, Bellflower, Pico Rivera, La Habra, Paramount
- 619: Chula Vista, El Cajon, National City, La Mesa, Santee, Poway, La Presa, Spring Valley, Imperial Beach, San Diego
- 626: Pasadena, El Monte, West Covina, Alhambra, Baldwin Park, Monterey Park, Arcadia, Rosemead, Glendora, Azusa
- 628: San Francisco, Daly City, San Rafael, Novato, Mill Valley, San Anselmo, Corte Madera, Tiburon, Fairfax, Sausalito
- 650: San Francisco, Daly City, San Mateo, Redwood City, Mountain View, South San Francisco, Palo Alto, Cupertino, San Bruno, Pacifica
- 657: Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, Huntington Beach, Garden Grove, Orange, Fullerton, Costa Mesa, Westminster, Buena Park
- 661: Bakersfield, Lancaster, Palmdale, Delano, Oildale, Wasco, Arvin, Shafter, Rosamond, Greenfield
- 669: San Jose, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Milpitas, Palo Alto, Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Campbell, Saratoga
- 707: Santa Rosa, Vallejo, Fairfield, Vacaville, Napa, Petaluma, Benicia, Windsor, Eureka, Dixon
- 714: Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, Huntington Beach, Garden Grove, Orange, Fullerton, Costa Mesa, Westminster, Buena Park
- 747: Glendale, Pasadena, Monrovia, San Fernando, Calabasas, Duarte, Agoura, Topanga, La Crescenta, Los Angeles
- 760: Oceanside, Escondido, Victorville, Carlsbad, Vista, Hesperia, San Marcos, Indio, Encinitas, San Diego
- 805: Bakersfield, Oxnard, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Santa Maria, Santa Barbara, Camarillo, San Luis Obispo, Lompoc, Moorpark
- 818: Glendale, Pasadena, Monrovia, San Fernando, Calabasas, Duarte, Agoura, Topanga, La Crescenta, Los Angeles
- 820: Oxnard, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Santa Maria, Santa Barbara, Camarillo, San Luis Obispo, Lompoc, Moorpark, Goleta
- 831: Salinas, Santa Cruz, Watsonville, Hollister, Seaside, Monterey, Soledad, Marina, Greenfield, King City
- 858: Chula Vista, El Cajon, National City, La Mesa, Santee, Poway, La Presa, Spring Valley, Imperial Beach, San Diego
- 909: Riverside, San Bernardino, Fontana, Rancho Cucamonga, Ontario, Corona, Pomona, Temecula, Rialto, Chino
- 916: Sacramento, Elk Grove, Roseville, Chico, Citrus Heights, Rancho Cordova, Carmichael, Rocklin, West Sacramento, Florin
- 925: Concord, Antioch, Livermore, Mountain View, Pleasanton, San Ramon, Pittsburg, Walnut Creek, Brentwood, Dublin
- 949: Irvine, Costa Mesa, Mission Viejo, Newport Beach, Lake Forest, Tustin, San Clemente, San Juan Capistrano, Laguna Beach
- 951: Riverside, Corona, Temecula, Murrieta, Hemet, Perris, Lake Elsinore, Colton, San Jacinto, Beaumont
Colorado
(303, 719, 720, 970)
Colorado means “the color red,” and Spanish explorers named the muddy red river they found Rio Colorado. Congress chose the name for the territory in 1861.
- 303: Denver, Aurora, Lakewood, Thornton, Arvada, Westminster, Boulder, Longmont, Broomfield, Castle Rock
- 719: Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Fountain, Canon City, Alamosa, Trinidad, Lamar, Woodland Park, La Junta, Monument
- 720: Denver, Aurora, Lakewood, Thornton, Arvada, Westminster, Boulder, Longmont, Broomfield, Castle Rock
- 970: Fort Collins, Greeley, Loveland, Grand Junction, Windsor, Evans, Montrose, Durango, Johnstown, Sterling
Connecticut
(203, 475, 860, 959)
The founding fathers began drafting the U.S. Constitution in the state, but that has nothing to do with the name. By the 1600s, what is now the Connecticut River was already known by a derivation of the Native American word, quinnehtukqut, which means “long tidal river.” Did you know that one of Connecticut’s nicknames is the Nutmeg State?
- 203: Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, Meriden, Fairfield, West Haven, Milford
- 475: Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, Meriden, Fairfield, West Haven, Milford
- 860: Hartford, New Britain, West Hartford, Bristol, East Hartford, Middletown, Norwich, Torrington, Manchester, Newington
- 959: Hartford, New Britain, West Hartford, Bristol, East Hartford, Middletown, Norwich, Torrington, Manchester, Newington
Delaware
(302)
Delaware got its name way back in 1610 when explorer Samuel Argall, sailing from Virginia, saw what is now Cape Henlopen and called it “Cape De La Warr” in tribute to the first governor of Virginia, Thomas West, who was also the 3rd Baron De La Warr.
- 302: Wilmington, Dover, Newark, Middletown, Brookside, Hockessin, Smyrna, Milford, Claymont, Wilmington Manor
Florida
(239, 305, 321, 352, 386, 407, 561, 689, 727, 754, 772, 786, 813, 850, 863, 904, 941, 954)
Juan Ponce de Leon was the first to call the state Florida when he landed in the northeastern part in April 1513. The name comes from the celebration, Pascua Florida (Feast of the Flowers). He never found that “fountain of youth” he was looking for, but some still believe it could be somewhere in Florida.
- 239: Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Bonita Springs, North Fort Myers, Estero, Immokalee, Naples, Sanibel, Naples Park, Fort Myers Shores
- 305: Miami, Hialeah, Miami Beach, Kendall, Homestead, North Miami, Coral Gables, North Miami Beach, Key West, Hialeah Gardens
- 321: Orlando, Melbourne, Kissimmee, Sanford, Apopka, Titusville, Ocoee, Oviedo, Winter Park, Cocoa
- 352: Gainesville, Ocala, Leesburg, Eustis, Tavares, Homosassa Springs, Groveland, Minneola, Hernando, Brooksville
- 386: Daytona Beach, Ormond Beach, New Smyrna Beach, Edgewater, DeBary, Lake City, Holly Hill, Orange City, Palatka, Alachua
- 407: Orlando, Kissimmee, Sanford, Apopka, Titusville, Ocoee, Oviedo, Winter Park, Cocoa, Maitland
- 561: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Jupiter, Royal Palm Beach, Lake Worth, Riviera Beach, Palm Springs, Belle Glade
- 689: Orlando, Kissimmee, Sanford, Oviedo, Winter Park, Kenansville
- 727: Clearwater, Largo, Pinellas Park, Dunedin, Tarpon Springs, Lealman, Seminole, New Port Richey, Oldsmar, Elfers
- 754: Fort Lauderdale, Pembroke Pines, Hollywood, Miramar, Pompano Beach, Davie, Plantation, Deerfield Beach, Lauderhill, Tamarac
- 772: Palm Bay, Melbourne, Fort Pierce, Stuart, Vero Beach, Jensen Beach, Cocoa Beach, Hobe Sound, Satellite Beach, Port Salerno
- 786: Miami, Hialeah, Miami Beach, Kendall, Homestead, North Miami, Coral Gables, North Miami Beach, Key West, Hialeah Gardens
- 813: Tampa, Plant City, Valrico, Lutz, Ruskin, Zephyrhills, Gibsonton, Oldsmar, Thonotosassa, Mango
- 850: Tallahassee, Pensacola, Panama City, Navarre, Cantonment, Crestview, Fort Walton Beach, West Pensacola, Ensley, Lynn Haven
- 863: Lakeland, Winter Haven, Haines City, Bartow, Lake Wales, Auburndale, Highland City, Sebring, Avon Park, Medulla
- 904: Jacksonville, Ponte Vedra Beach, Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach, Middleburg, Fernandina Beach, Yulee, Orange Park, Green Cove Springs, Macclenny
- 941: Plantation, Sarasota, Bradenton, Port Charlotte, Venice, Punta Gorda, Englewood, South Venice, Palmetto, Bee Ridge
- 954: Fort Lauderdale, Pembroke Pines, Hollywood, Miramar, Pompano Beach, Davie, Plantation, Deerfield Beach, Lauderhill, Tamarac
Georgia
(229, 404, 470, 478, 678, 706, 762, 770, 912)
Georgia was named by the Royal Charter in 1732 after England’s King George II. King George II demanded that the thirteenth colony (which later became the state of Georgia) be named after him.
- 229: Albany, Valdosta, Thomasville, Tifton, Americus, Moultrie, Bainbridge, Cordele, Cairo, Fitzgerald
- 404: Atlanta, Sandy Springs, North Atlanta, East Point, Decatur, Union City, Forest Park, North Druid Hills, North Decatur, Belvedere Park
- 470: Atlanta, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Alpharetta, Marietta, Smyrna, Dunwoody, North Atlanta, Gainesville, Newnan
- 478: Macon, Warner Robins, Milledgeville, Dublin, Perry, Fort Valley, Swainsboro, Sandersville, Hawkinsville, Eastman
- 678: Atlanta, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Alpharetta, Marietta, Smyrna, Dunwoody, North Atlanta, Gainesville, Newnan
- 706: Columbus, Athens, Augusta, Rome, Martinez, Dalton, Evans, Calhoun, Grovetown, Cusseta
- 762: Columbus, Athens, Augusta, Rome, Martinez, Dalton, Evans, Calhoun, Grovetown, Jefferson
- 770: Atlanta, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Alpharetta, Marietta, Smyrna, Dunwoody, Gainesville, Newnan, Mableton
- 912: Savannah, Hinesville, Statesboro, Pooler, Kingsland, Brunswick, Waycross, Richmond Hill, Douglas, Vidalia
Hawaii
(808)
When Captain James Cook discovered the islands that are now Hawaii in 1778, he wanted the islands to be called the Sandwich Islands, after the Earl of Sandwich. But Hawaiian King Kamehameha I wasn’t buying into the anglicized naming; he united the islands under his rule by 1819 as the Kingdom of Hawaii. Like many state names, the etymology of Hawaii is subject to debate. Some say believe it means “homeland.” Others say it means “small and raging.” Others say it comes from the traditional settler of the islands, Hawai’iloa.
- 808: Honolulu, Pearl City, Hilo, Waipahu, Kaneohe, Kihei, Wahiawa, Wailuku, Ewa Beach, Waianae
Idaho
(208, 986)
While it may sound like a Native American-derived name, Idaho may be entirely made up. A mining lobbyist claimed it was an Indian word that meant “gem of the mountains,” and hoped to name the territory that included Colorado accordingly. When Congress caught onto the fact that Idaho wasn’t actually an Indian word at all, they went with Colorado. That left “Idaho” free for the taking—and now it had a reputation. And in 1863, Congress dubbed the state territory Idaho.
- 208: Boise, Meridian, Nampa, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Lewiston, Post Falls, Rexburg
- 986: Boise, Meridian, Nampa, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Twin Falls, Lewiston, Post Falls
Illinois
(217, 224, 309, 312, 331, 618, 630, 708, 773, 779, 815, 847, 872)
If you were to pronounce “Illinois” using French pronunciation rules, it would sound something like Ill-in-WAH. That’s the key to understanding why Illinois is spelled that way—despite being pronounced Ill-in-OY. When French explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle discovered the land, he called it by the name of the Native American tribe in the area: the Illiniwok. He spelled it “Illinois,” as the French would. That’s the name Congress chose in 1818, but with a pronunciation that was decidedly not French. As for why Chicago is known as the “Windy City,” let’s just say the French weren’t clever enough to come up with that nickname.
- 217: Champaign, Decatur, Danville, Charleston, Jacksonville, Mattoon, Lincoln, Effingham, Chatham, Mahomet
- 224: Elgin, Waukegan, Arlington Heights, Evanston, Schaumburg, Palatine, Skokie, Des Plaines, Mount Prospect, Hoffman Estates
- 309: Peoria, Bloomington, Normal, Moline, Rock Island, Pekin, Galesburg, East Peoria, East Moline, Macomb
- 312: Wheeling, Schaumburg, Hinsdale, Chicago
- 331: Aurora, Joliet, Naperville, Bolingbrook, Wheaton, Elmhurst, Lombard, Plainfield, Bartlett, Carol Stream
- 618: Belleville, Granite City, Alton, Carbondale, Edwardsville, Collinsville, Marion, Godfrey, Cahokia, Herrin
- 630: Aurora, Joliet, Naperville, Elgin, Schaumburg, Bolingbrook, Wheaton, Elmhurst, Lombard, Plainfield
- 708: Cicero, Schaumburg, Orland Park, Tinley Park, Oak Lawn, Berwyn, Oak Park, Wheeling, Calumet City, Northbrook
- 773: Summit, Schiller Park, River Grove, Chicago
- 779: Rockford, Joliet, Bolingbrook, DeKalb, Plainfield, Crystal Lake, Romeoville, Kankakee, McHenry, New Lenox
- 815: Joliet, Bolingbrook, DeKalb, Plainfield, Crystal Lake, Northbrook, Kankakee, McHenry, New Lenox, Lockport
- 847: Elgin, Waukegan, Arlington Heights, Evanston, Schaumburg, Palatine, Skokie, Des Plaines, Mount Prospect, Hoffman Estates
- 872: Chicago
Indiana
(219, 260, 317, 463, 574, 765, 812, 930)
No one would blame Indiana for having an identity crisis back in its early days. First, it was ruled by the French. When the English took over from the French, the territory became a county of Virginia before being separated into the Northwest Territory. By the early 19th century, Indiana had its own geographical boundaries and a name (named after the “Indians” from whom the land was acquired)—which it shared with Michigan until 1805 and Illinois until 1809.
- 219: South Bend, Hammond, Gary, Portage, Merrillville, Valparaiso, Michigan City, Crown Point, Hobart, Munster
- 260: Fort Wayne, Huntington, New Haven, Auburn, Wabash, Bluffton, Kendallville, Decatur, Columbia City, Angola
- 317: Indianapolis, Carmel, Noblesville, Greenwood, Lawrence, Westfield, Plainfield, Zionsville, Franklin, Greenfield
- 463: Indianapolis, Carmel, Noblesville, Greenwood, Lawrence, Westfield, Plainfield, Zionsville, Franklin, Greenfield
- 574: South Bend, Elkhart, Mishawaka, Goshen, Logansport, Warsaw, Plymouth, Nappanee, Dunlap, Rochester
- 765: Indianapolis, Lafayette, Muncie, Kokomo, Anderson, West Lafayette, Richmond, Marion, New Castle, Frankfort
- 812: Evansville, Bloomington, Terre Haute, Jeffersonville, Columbus, New Albany, Highland, Clarksville, Seymour, Jasper
- 930: Evansville, Bloomington, Terre Haute, Jeffersonville, Columbus, New Albany, Highland, Clarksville, Seymour, Vincennes
Iowa
(319, 515, 563, 641, 712)
Iowa takes its name from the tribe of Native Americans who lived in the area (the Ayuxwa, or the English spelling: Ioways). The name is believed to mean, “one who puts to sleep.” Iowa‘s first recorded use was by Lieutenant Albert M. Lea, who had ventured across it on a mission in 1835 (when it was still part of the Wisconsin Territory) and later wrote about it in a book he published in 1836.
- 319: Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Waterloo, Cedar Falls, Marion, Burlington, Coralville, North Liberty, Fort Madison, Keokuk
- 515: Des Moines, Ames, West Des Moines, Ankeny, Urbandale, Fort Dodge, Waukee, Clive, Altoona, Indianola
- 563: Davenport, Dubuque, Bettendorf, Clinton, Decorah, Eldridge, Maquoketa, De Witt, Manchester, Camanche
- 641: Marshalltown, Mason City, Fairfield, Grinnell, Creston, Clear Lake, Charles City, Knoxville, Centerville, Iowa Falls
- 712: Council Bluffs, Carroll, Le Mars, Denison, Atlantic, Estherville, Clarinda, Glenwood, Cherokee, Harlan
Kansas
(316, 620, 785, 913)
Kansas takes its name from the Kansa tribe that lived in the area; the name loosely translates to “people of the South Wind.” The first recorded use of the name was by French explorers, who first explored the land in 1812. One explorer wrote the name Kansas on a map and after that, it just stuck.
- 316: Wichita, Derby, Newton, El Dorado, Andover, Haysville, Augusta, Park City, Valley Center, Mulvane
- 620: Dodge City, Garden City, Emporia, Great Bend, Arkansas City, Coffeyville, Chanute, Fort Scott, Baxter Springs, Frontenac
- 785: Lawrence, Junction City, Hays, Abilene, Eudora, Colby, Concordia, Baldwin City, Goodland, Clay Center
- 913: Overland Park, Kansas City, Olathe, Shawnee, Lenexa, Leavenworth, Leawood, Prairie Village, Gardner, Lansing
Kentucky
(270, 364, 502, 606, 859)
Some experts believe the name comes from the Wyandot tribal name for “plain,” in reference to the central plains of the state. Other historians say it comes from the Iroquoian word meaning, “prairie.” Some say the name means “dark and bloody ground.” See if you can guess which American president was born in Kentucky.
- 270: Bowling Green, Owensboro, Hopkinsville, Elizabethtown, Henderson, Paducah, Madisonville, Murray, Glasgow, Campbellsville
- 364: Bowling Green, Owensboro, Hopkinsville, Elizabethtown, Henderson, Paducah, Madisonville, Murray, Glasgow, Campbellsville
- 502: Louisville, Georgetown, Frankfort, Jeffersontown, Shively, Shelbyville, Mount Washington, Bardstown, Shepherdsville, Lawrenceburg
- 606: Ashland, Somerset, Middlesboro, Maysville, London, Corbin, Flatwoods, Morehead, Pikeville, Hazard
- 859: Lexington, Covington, Richmond, Florence, Nicholasville, Independence, Erlanger, Winchester, Danville, Fort Thomas
Louisiana
(225, 318, 337, 504, 985)
Dubbed in 1862 by the same French explorer who later named Illinois, Louisiana honors King Louis XIV of France. The land was claimed by France until 1803 when Thomas Jefferson purchased as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Believe it or not, the purchase was supposed to be memorialized on Mt. Rushmore, but here’s what went wrong along with many other iconic American landmarks that used to have completely different looks.
- 225: Baton Rouge, Prairieville, Zachary, Baker, Gonzales, Denham Springs, Donaldsonville, Plaquemine, Inniswold, Port Allen
- 318: Shreveport, Bossier City, Monroe, Alexandria, Ruston, Natchitoches, Pineville, West Monroe, Minden, Bastrop
- 337: Lafayette, Lake Charles, New Iberia, Sulphur, Opelousas, Crowley, Abbeville, Youngsville, Moss Bluff, Broussard
- 504: New Orleans, Metairie, Kenner, Marrero, Terrytown, Harvey, Gretna, Chalmette, Estelle, Belle Chasse
- 985: Houma, Laplace, Slidell, Hammond, Thibodaux, Mandeville, Luling, Bogalusa, Morgan City, Raceland
Maine
(207)
The first record of Maine being called “Maine” was dated August 10, 1622, and comes from English Royal Navy veterans Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. Historians believe they called the territory Maine to distinguish it from all the islands off the coast. Of course, the area was first discovered by the French. To settle the matter, the Maine legislature adopted a resolution in 2001 stating that “Maine” was named after the French province by the same name.
- 207: Portland, Lewiston, Bangor, Auburn, Biddeford, Sanford, Saco, Augusta, Brunswick, Orono
Maryland
(240, 301, 410, 443, 667)
Maryland is named for a French-born queen of England: King Charles’ wife, Queen Henrietta Maria (a.k.a., Queen Mary). When King Charles gave Lord Baltimore a charter in 1632 to establish the new colony, he included the stipulation that it be named in his wife’s honor.
- 240: Germantown, Silver Spring, Frederick, Waldorf, Gaithersburg, Rockville, Bethesda, Bowie, Wheaton, Potomac
- 301: Baltimore, Germantown, Silver Spring, Frederick, Waldorf, Gaithersburg, Rockville, Bethesda, Bowie, Wheaton
- 410: Baltimore, Columbia, Glen Burnie, Ellicott City, Dundalk, Towson, Severn, Catonsville, Annapolis, Essex
- 443: Baltimore, Columbia, Glen Burnie, Ellicott City, Dundalk, Towson, Severn, Catonsville, Annapolis, Essex
- 667: Baltimore, Columbia, Glen Burnie, Ellicott City, Dundalk, Towson, Severn, Catonsville, Annapolis, Essex
Massachusetts
(339, 351, 413, 508, 617, 774, 781, 857, 978)
This New England state was named after the Massachusetts Indians who lived in the region, the name loosely translates to “at the great hill.” The name was first recorded in by Captain John Smith, who visited the area in 1614, in his book, A Description of New England. Smith also gave New England its name. When you’re in Massachusetts, don’t forget to check out the New England Trail, one of America’s most stunning hiking trails.
- 339: Boston, Lynn, Waltham, Malden, Medford, Weymouth, Revere, Arlington, Woburn, Braintree
- 351: Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, Peabody, Salem, Leominster, Beverly, Fitchburg, Gloucester, Danvers
- 413: Springfield, Chicopee, Pittsfield, Westfield, Holyoke, Northampton, Greenfield, Easthampton, Longmeadow, East Longmeadow
- 508: Worcester, Cambridge, Brockton, New Bedford, Fall River, Lawrence, Framingham, Taunton, Peabody, Barnstable
- 617: Boston, Cambridge, Quincy, Newton, Somerville, Waltham, Malden, Brookline, Weymouth, Everett
- 774: Worcester, Brockton, New Bedford, Fall River, Framingham, Taunton, Barnstable, Attleboro, Marlborough, Shrewsbury
- 781: Boston, Lynn, Waltham, Malden, Medford, Weymouth, Revere, Arlington, Woburn, Braintree
- 857: Boston, Cambridge, Quincy, Newton, Somerville, Brookline, Everett, Chelsea, Watertown, Milton
- 978: Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, Peabody, Salem, Leominster, Beverly, Fitchburg, Billerica, Gloucester
Michigan
(231, 248, 269, 313, 517, 586, 616, 734, 810, 906, 947, 989)
The name comes from the Chippewa word “michigama” which means “great or large lake.”European explorers named Lake Michigan after the tribe’s word in 1670. Later, the entire state took that name as well.
- 231: Muskegon, Norton Shores, Traverse City, Muskegon Heights, Big Rapids, Cadillac, Ludington, Manistee, Petoskey, Cheboygan
- 248: Detroit, Livonia, Troy, Farmington Hills, Southfield, Pontiac, Royal Oak, Novi, Madison Heights, Birmingham
- 269: Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, Portage, Niles, Sturgis, Benton Harbor, Three Rivers, Fair Plain, Hastings, Marshall
- 313: Detroit, Dearborn, Taylor, Dearborn Heights, Lincoln Park, Allen Park, Inkster, Hamtramck, Grosse Pointe Woods, Harper Woods
- 517: Lansing, East Lansing, Jackson, Holt, Okemos, Adrian, Coldwater, Howell, Charlotte, Mason
- 586: Warren, Sterling Heights, Roseville, Mount Clemens, Fraser, New Baltimore, Center Line, Richmond, Utica, New Haven
- 616: Grand Rapids, Wyoming, Kentwood, Holland, Walker, Allendale, Jenison, Grandville, Traverse City, Cutlerville
- 734: Ann Arbor, Livonia, Westland, Taylor, Southgate, Garden City, Wyandotte, Inkster, Romulus, Monroe
- 810: Flint, Southfield, Pontiac, Port Huron, Burton, Fenton, Beecher, Marysville, Lapeer, Flushing
- 906: Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, Iron Mountain, Ishpeming, Kingsford, Ironwood, Gladstone
- 947: Livonia, Troy, Farmington Hills, Southfield, Pontiac, Royal Oak, Novi, Madison Heights, Birmingham, Ferndale
- 989: Saginaw, Midland, Bay City, Mount Pleasant, Owosso, Alpena, Alma, Freeland, Bridgeport, Shields
Minnesota
(218, 320, 507, 612, 651, 763, 952)
Minnesota’s name comes from the Dakota tribe’s words for “water”—mni—and “clouds”—sota. But whether the water was cloudy, or whether the water was so clear it reflected the clouds in the sky is a mystery we may never solve.
- 218: Duluth, Hibbing, Bemidji, Brainerd, Fergus Falls, Cloquet, Grand Rapids, Hermantown, Detroit Lakes, East Grand Forks
- 320: Sartell, Hutchinson, Sauk Rapids, Alexandria, Little Falls, Litchfield, Glencoe, Morris, Montevideo, Sauk Centre
- 507: Mankato, Austin, Faribault, Albert Lea, Fairmont, Kasson, La Crescent, Luverne, Cannon Falls, Lonsdale
- 612: Minneapolis, Richfield, Cambridge, Falcon Heights
- 651: Woodbury, Eagan, Maplewood, Cottage Grove, Roseville, Inver Grove Heights, Shoreview, White Bear Lake, Rosemount, Farmington
- 763: Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Blaine, Andover, Brooklyn Center, Fridley, Ramsey, Elk River
- 952: Bloomington, Eden Prairie, Burnsville, Lakeville, Minnetonka, Apple Valley, Edina, Shakopee, Chanhassen, Prior Lake
Mississippi
(228, 601, 662, 769)
The name comes from the river, which got its name from the Native American communities that used it for transportation and food. They called it misi sipi, which translates to “big water.”
- 228: Gulfport, Biloxi, Pascagoula, Gautier, Ocean Springs, Long Beach, Moss Point, Waveland, Vancleave, Pass Christian
- 601: Jackson, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pearl, Madison, Clinton, Ridgeland, Brandon, Vicksburg, Laurel
- 662: Southaven, Olive Branch, Tupelo, Greenville, Starkville, Columbus, Oxford, Clarksdale, Hernando, Greenwood
- 769: Jackson, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pearl, Madison, Clinton, Ridgeland, Brandon, Vicksburg, Laurel
Missouri
(314, 417, 573, 636, 660, 816)
The Sioux tribe is the source for the name of Missouri, according to Missouri’s Secretary of State. The word has often been interpreted to mean “muddy water,” but according to the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, the name means “town of the large canoes.”
- 314: Florissant, Chesterfield, Oakville, University City, Mehlville, Kirkwood, Maryland Heights, Hazelwood, Webster Groves, Ferguson
- 417: Springfield, Joplin, Nixa, Ozark, Republic, Lebanon, Carthage, Neosho, Branson, Bolivar
- 573: Columbia, Jefferson City, Cape Girardeau, Farmington, Hannibal, Jackson, Fulton, Mexico, Kennett, Dexter
- 636: O'Fallon, Chesterfield, Wentzville, Ballwin, Arnold, Manchester, Washington, Festus, Troy, Union
- 660: Kirksville, Moberly, Marshall, Maryville, Chillicothe, Clinton, Boonville, Macon, Higginsville, Lexington
- 816: Kansas City, Independence, Lees Summit, Blue Springs, Liberty, Raytown, Gladstone, Grandview, Belton, Excelsior Springs

Montana
(406)
Montana is the fourth largest state by area (behind Alaska, Texas, and California) but it is also one of the country’s least densely populated states. Its name is derived from the Spanish word montana meaning “mountain,” even though Montana’s average elevation of 3,400 feet makes it the lowest of all the Rocky Mountain States.
- 406: Billings, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell, Havre, Anaconda, Belgrade, Glendive
Nebraska
(308, 402, 531)
The state name of Nebraska is derived from the Native American name for the Platte River, which runs through it (“Nebrathka” meaning “flat water”). The name was first used in writing in 1842 by John Charles Frémont, and it stuck.
- 308: Grand Island, Kearney, North Platte, Lexington, Alliance, Gering, McCook, Chadron, Holdrege, Ogallala
- 402: Bellevue, Grand Island, Fremont, Hastings, Columbus, Beatrice, Blair, Crete, Gretna, Aurora
- 531: Omaha, Lincoln, Bellevue, Grand Island, Fremont, Hastings, Columbus, Papillion, La Vista, South Sioux City
Nevada
(702, 725, 775)
Nevada was named for the nearby mountain range—mostly in California—called the Sierra Nevadas. The name comes from the Spanish settlers who marveled at the snowy peaks (nevada translates to “snow-covered”). In 1859, Congress shortened the name of the territory (that became the state) to Nevada. Note: Nevadans prefer to pronounce the state’s name with the flat “a” like the one in “trap” even though the name’s derived from the Spanish, which means the “a” would sound like the one in “palm.”
- 702: Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas, Paradise, Winchester, Mesquite, Boulder City, Bunkerville, Indian Springs, Searchlight
- 725: Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas, Paradise, Winchester, Mesquite, Boulder City, Bunkerville, Indian Springs, Searchlight
- 775: Reno, Sparks, Carson City, Pahrump, Elko, Fernley, Dayton, Fallon, Winnemucca, Gardnerville
New Hampshire
(603)
Named by Captain John Mason after Hampshire county in England, the state was the ninth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and the first state to have its own constitution. Its spirit of independence is epitomized in the state motto—”Live Free or Die.” It plays an important role in national elections, as it is the first state to hold national primaries, and its primary results are thought to influence those in the rest of the nation, giving rise to the saying “As New Hampshire goes, so goes the nation.”
- 603: Manchester, Nashua, Concord, Dover, Rochester, Salem, Keene, Derry, Portsmouth, Laconia
New Jersey
(201, 551, 609, 640, 732, 848, 856, 862, 908, 973)
The name comes from the English Channel island of Jersey in honor of Sir George Carteret (one of the two men to whom the land of New Jersey was originally given). And Sir Carteret? He’s the namesake of the township called Carteret—in New Jersey. Although the state is known for its industry, its “Garden State” nickname is well-deserved: New Jersey is a leading producer of cranberries, blueberries, and tomatoes.
- 201: Newark, Jersey City, Passaic, Union City, Bayonne, Hoboken, West New York, Hackensack, Kearny, Teaneck
- 551: Jersey City, Union City, Bayonne, Hoboken, West New York, Hackensack, Kearny, Teaneck, Fort Lee, Fair Lawn
- 609: Trenton, Camden, Vineland, Atlantic City, Princeton, Millville, Bridgeton, Pleasantville, Hammonton, Collingswood
- 640: Trenton, Atlantic City, Princeton, Pleasantville, Hammonton, Mercerville, Hamilton Square, Ocean City, Burlington, White Horse
- 732: Toms River, New Brunswick, Lakewood, Perth Amboy, Sayreville, Linden, Long Branch, Carteret, Old Bridge, Somerset
- 848: Toms River, New Brunswick, Lakewood, Perth Amboy, Sayreville, Long Branch, Carteret, Old Bridge, Somerset, Woodbridge
- 856: Camden, Vineland, Millville, Bridgeton, Pleasantville, Glassboro, Lindenwold, Williamstown, Collingswood, Pennsville
- 862: Newark, Paterson, Clifton, Passaic, East Orange, Bloomfield, Kearny, Belleville, Orange, Garfield
- 908: Elizabeth, Toms River, New Brunswick, Lakewood, Perth Amboy, Plainfield, Linden, Long Branch, Westfield, South Plainfield
- 973: Newark, Paterson, Clifton, Passaic, East Orange, Bloomfield, Kearny, Belleville, Orange, Garfield
New Mexico
(505, 575)
New Mexico was the name the Spanish used for lands north of the Rio Grande. Mexico refers to an Aztec god, Mexitli. The name New Mexico was given to the land ceded to the United States by Mexico after the Mexican-American War.
- 505: Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, Santa Fe, Farmington, Gallup, Los Lunas, Las Vegas, Espanola, Grants, Bernalillo
- 575: Las Cruces, Roswell, Clovis, Hobbs, Alamogordo, Carlsbad, Deming, Artesia, Portales, Lovington
New York
(212, 315, 332, 347, 516, 518, 585, 607, 631, 646, 680, 716, 718, 838, 845, 914, 917, 929, 934)
In 1624, the Dutch arrived in the land that’s now New York and called it New Amsterdam (after Holland’s biggest city). By 1664, New Amsterdam fell into the hands of the British, who renamed it New York in honor of the Duke of York. In 1673, the Dutch regained control of New York and rechristened it New Orange, its official name for about a year—at which point it was permanently ceded to the British under the Treaty of Westminster, and it went back to being New York.
- 212: New York
- 315: Syracuse, Utica, Rome, Auburn, Watertown, Oswego, Geneva, Fulton, Oneida, Ogdensburg
- 332: New York
- 347: New York
- 516: Brentwood, Levittown, Freeport, Hicksville, East Meadow, Valley Stream, Central Islip, Long Beach, Elmont, Oceanside
- 518: Albany, Schenectady, Troy, Saratoga Springs, Rotterdam, Plattsburgh, Amsterdam, Cohoes, Gloversville, Glens Falls
- 585: Rochester, Irondequoit, Brighton, Batavia, Greece, Olean, Canandaigua, Brockport, Geneseo, East Rochester
- 607: Binghamton, Ithaca, Elmira, Cortland, Johnson City, Oneonta, Endicott, Endwell, Corning, Hornell
- 631: Brentwood, West Babylon, Coram, Commack, Central Islip, Huntington Station, Centereach, West Islip, Deer Park, Lindenhurst
- 646: New York
- 680: Syracuse, Utica, Rome, Auburn, Watertown, Oswego, Geneva, Fulton, Oneida, Ogdensburg
- 716: Buffalo, Cheektowaga, Niagara Falls, West Seneca, North Tonawanda, Jamestown, Lockport, Lackawanna, Kenmore, Depew
- 718: New York
- 838: Albany, Schenectady, Troy, Saratoga Springs, Rotterdam, Plattsburgh, Amsterdam, Cohoes, Gloversville, Glens Falls
- 845: New City, Spring Valley, Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, Middletown, Peekskill, Kingston, Monsey, Nanuet, Pearl River
- 914: Yonkers, New Rochelle, White Plains, Spring Valley, Poughkeepsie, Port Chester, Harrison, Newburgh, Middletown, Ossining
- 917: New York
- 929: New York
- 934: Brentwood, West Babylon, Coram, Commack, Central Islip, Huntington Station, Centereach, West Islip, Deer Park, Lindenhurst
North Carolina
(252, 336, 704, 743, 828, 910, 919, 980, 984)
North and South Carolina were part of one colony until 1729 when the Province of Carolina was split. In 1629, King Charles I granted the territory to Sir Robert Heath; he named it Carolina. This word is derived from the name Carolus, translated as “Charles.” King Charles II, who granted another charter that expanded the Province, also was honored by the name.
- 252: Rocky Mount, Wilson, New Bern, Havelock, Elizabeth City, Roanoke Rapids, Henderson, Tarboro, Washington, Winterville
- 336: Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point, Burlington, Thomasville, Asheboro, Kernersville, Clemmons, Lexington, Eden
- 704: Charlotte, Concord, Gastonia, Huntersville, Kannapolis, Indian Trail, Mooresville, Monroe, Salisbury, Matthews
- 743: Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point, Burlington, Thomasville, Asheboro, Kernersville, Clemmons, Lexington, Eden
- 828: Asheville, Hickory, Boone, Lenoir, Morganton, Hendersonville, Newton, Waynesville, Black Mountain, Conover
- 910: Fayetteville, Wilmington, Jacksonville, Lumberton, Leland, Hope Mills, Pinehurst, Laurinburg, Spring Lake, Dunn
- 919: Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill, Apex, Wake Forest, Goldsboro, Holly Springs, Sanford, Garner
- 980: Charlotte, Concord, Gastonia, Huntersville, Kannapolis, Indian Trail, Mooresville, Monroe, Salisbury, Matthews
- 984: Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill, Apex, Wake Forest, Goldsboro, Holly Springs, Sanford, Garner
North Dakota
(701)
The land that is now North Dakota was acquired from the French as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The “Dakota Territory” was formed in 1861 and included what is now North and South Dakota, as well as Montana and Wyoming. Dakota comes from a Sioux tribe from the region, and translates to “friend.” In 1889, the Dakotas were admitted into the Union as states (Montana also became a state in 1889; Wyoming followed in 1890).
- 701: Fargo, Bismarck, Grand Forks, Dickinson, Jamestown, Devils Lake, Grafton, Beulah, Horace, Casselton
Ohio
(216, 220, 234, 330, 380, 419, 440, 513, 567, 614, 740, 937)
According to History.com, Ohio got its name from the Iroquois word, “O-Y-O,” which means “great river.” The nickname, the “Buckeye State,” refers to the local buckeye tree, whose fruit was believed by early native Americans to bear a striking resemblance to the eye of male deer.
- 216: Cleveland, Parma, Lakewood, Euclid, Cleveland Heights, Garfield Heights, Shaker Heights, Maple Heights, South Euclid, Brook Park
- 220: Newark, Lancaster, Delaware, Marion, Zanesville, Athens, Chillicothe, Portsmouth, Steubenville, Mount Vernon
- 234: Akron, Canton, Youngstown, Cuyahoga Falls, Warren, Boardman, Stow, Brunswick, Massillon, Kent
- 330: Akron, Canton, Youngstown, Cuyahoga Falls, Warren, Boardman, Stow, Brunswick, Massillon, Kent
- 380: Columbus, Grove City, Westerville, Reynoldsburg, Upper Arlington, Marysville, Whitehall, Worthington, Bexley, Canal Winchester
- 419: Mansfield, Findlay, Lima, Bowling Green, Perrysburg, Ashland, Oregon, Norwalk, Defiance, Fremont
- 440: Cleveland, Parma, Lorain, Elyria, Mentor, Strongsville, Westlake, North Olmsted, North Royalton, Avon Lake
- 513: Cincinnati, Hamilton, Middletown, Fairfield, Mason, Oxford, Lebanon, Norwood, Forest Park, Bridgetown
- 567: Toledo, Mansfield, Findlay, Lima, Bowling Green, Sandusky, Perrysburg, Ashland, Oregon, Sylvania
- 614: Columbus, Grove City, Westerville, Reynoldsburg, Upper Arlington, Marysville, Whitehall, Worthington, Bexley, Canal Winchester
- 740: Newark, Lancaster, Delaware, Marion, Athens, Chillicothe, Portsmouth, Steubenville, Mount Vernon, Pataskala
- 937: Dayton, Springfield, Kettering, Middletown, Beavercreek, Huber Heights, Fairborn, Xenia, Troy, Centerville
Oklahoma
(405, 539, 580, 918)
“Okla humma” was a phrase in the Choctaw language that described the skin-color of Native Americans as a whole. Okla means “people” and humma means “red.” In 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers, the anglicized version of the name was approved for the territory.
- 405: Oklahoma City, Norman, Edmond, Moore, Midwest City, Stillwater, Shawnee, Yukon, Del City, Mustang
- 539: Tulsa, Broken Arrow, Muskogee, Bartlesville, Owasso, Bixby, Sapulpa, Sand Springs, Claremore, McAlester
- 580: Enid, Ardmore, Duncan, Altus, Ada, Durant, Elk City, Guymon, Clinton, Blackwell
- 918: Broken Arrow, Muskogee, Bartlesville, Owasso, Bixby, Sapulpa, Sand Springs, Claremore, McAlester, Miami
Oregon
(458, 503, 514, 971)
The first use of Oregon seems to date back to 1778 and refers to the local river—now called the Columbia. There are numerous theories as to the origins of the state’s name—not to mention how it’s pronounced: Ore-gun? Or the locals’ preferred three-syllable OR-a-gun?
- 458: Eugene, Bend, Medford, Springfield, Corvallis, Albany, Grants Pass, Redmond, Roseburg, Klamath Falls
- 503: Portland, Salem, Gresham, Hillsboro, Beaverton, Tigard, Lake Oswego, Keizer, Oregon City, McMinnville
- 541: Eugene, Bend, Medford, Corvallis, Albany, Grants Pass, Klamath Falls, Ashland, Altamont, Central Point
- 971: Portland, Salem, Gresham, Hillsboro, Beaverton, Tigard, Lake Oswego, Keizer, Oregon City, McMinnville
Pennsylvania
(215, 223, 267, 272, 412, 445, 484, 570, 610, 717, 724, 814, 878)
In 1681, England’s King Charles II (the same one who chartered Maryland in 1832), gave William Penn, a Quaker, the right to settle there. The King didn’t specify that the settlement should have any particular name, so Penn named it “Pennsylvania,” after his father, Admiral Sir William Penn. Or himself, depending on how you look at it.
- 215: Levittown, Lansdale, Willow Grove, Horsham, Montgomeryville, Croydon, Bristol, Morrisville, Perkasie, Philadelphia
- 223: Lancaster, Harrisburg, York, Lebanon, Chambersburg, Carlisle, Hanover, Hershey, Ephrata, Elizabethtown
- 267: Levittown, Lansdale, Willow Grove, Horsham, Montgomeryville, Croydon, Bristol, Morrisville, Perkasie, Philadelphia
- 272: Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, Hazleton, Bloomsburg, Pottsville, Dunmore, Kingston, Nanticoke, Berwick
- 412: Pittsburgh, Bethel Park, Monroeville, Allison Park, West Mifflin, Baldwin, McKeesport, Wilkinsburg, Greensburg, Franklin Park
- 445: Levittown, Lansdale, Willow Grove, Horsham, Montgomeryville, Croydon, Bristol, Morrisville, Perkasie, Philadelphia
- 484: Allentown, Reading, Bethlehem, Norristown, Chester, Drexel Hill, Easton, Pottstown, King of Prussia, West Chester
- 570: Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, Hazleton, Bloomsburg, Pottsville, Dunmore, Kingston, Nanticoke, Berwick
- 610: Allentown, Reading, Bethlehem, Norristown, Chester, Drexel Hill, Easton, Pottstown, King of Prussia, West Chester
- 717: Lancaster, Harrisburg, York, Lebanon, Chambersburg, Carlisle, Hanover, Hershey, Ephrata, Elizabethtown
- 724: Monroeville, New Castle, Murrysville, Hermitage, Greensburg, Indiana, Sharon, Washington, Butler, New Kensington
- 814: Erie, Altoona, State College, Johnstown, Meadville, Oil City, Warren, Bradford, Huntingdon, Corry
- 878: Pittsburgh, Bethel Park, Monroeville, New Castle, Allison Park, Murrysville, West Mifflin, Baldwin, McKeesport, Hermitage
Rhode Island
(401)
The first mention of the name can be found in a letter from 1524 from the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano: He refers to an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay that looks like the Isle of Rhodes in the Aegean Sea. “Rhode Island” stuck as the informal name until it was adopted as the official colony name in 1663.
- 401: Providence, Warwick, Cranston, Pawtucket, East Providence, Woonsocket, West Warwick, Newport, Bristol, Westerly
South Carolina
(803, 843, 854, 864)
South Carolina has the same origin story as North Carolina, but its own unique topography and history. It’s home to more than 350 golf courses and had a relationship to the game of golf since as early as 1743 when the city of Charleston welcomed a shipment of golf balls and clubs from Scotland.
- 803: Columbia, Rock Hill, Sumter, Aiken, North Augusta, Lexington, Dentsville, Fort Mill, Cayce, Orangeburg
- 843: Charleston, North Charleston, Mount Pleasant, Summerville, Goose Creek, Hilton Head Island, Florence, Myrtle Beach, Conway, Hanahan
- 854: Charleston, North Charleston, Mount Pleasant, Summerville, Goose Creek, Hilton Head Island, Florence, Myrtle Beach, Conway, Hanahan
- 864: Greenville, Spartanburg, Greer, Anderson, Mauldin, Greenwood, Simpsonville, Clemson, Gaffney, Laurens
South Dakota
(605)
The origins of South Dakota’s name are the same as that of North Dakota. But just a year after the Louisiana Purchase, Fort Pierre was established by the Lewis and Clark expedition as South Dakota’s first permanent American settlement. Fun fact: South Dakota was admitted to the Union just moments before North Dakota, but that decision was entirely random. President Benjamin Harrison just shuffled the bills for both of the Dakotas and signed one at random.
- 605: Aberdeen, Brookings, Huron, Brandon, Box Elder, Belle Fourche, Harrisburg, Dell Rapids, Hot Springs, Canton
Tennessee
(423, 615, 629, 731, 865, 901, 931)
Parts of Tennessee were almost included in a 14th colony that would have been known as “Transylvania.” Otherwise, details for the origin of “Tennessee” have been lost over time, but Spanish explorer Captain Juan Pardo was the first to record the name in 1567. As the story goes, he and his soldiers had encountered a native American village called “Tanasqui.” Many, many spellings were tried out, but the first record of one that stuck is in an official correspondence from the Governor of South Carolina in the 1750’s. Tennessee became a state in 1796.
- 423: Chattanooga, Johnson City, Kingsport, Cleveland, Morristown, Bristol, East Ridge, Greeneville, Elizabethton, Athens
- 615: Nashville, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Hendersonville, Smyrna, Brentwood, Spring Hill, La Vergne, Gallatin, Mount Juliet
- 629: Nashville, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Hendersonville, Smyrna, Brentwood, Spring Hill, La Vergne, Gallatin, Mount Juliet
- 731: Jackson, Dyersburg, Martin, Union City, Paris, Brownsville, Humboldt, Ripley, Lexington, Milan
- 865: Knoxville, Oak Ridge, Maryville, Sevierville, Clinton, Alcoa, Lenoir City, Jefferson City, Harriman, Pigeon Forge
- 901: Memphis, Bartlett, Collierville, Germantown, Arlington, Millington, Atoka, Covington, Lexington, Oakland
- 931: Clarksville, Columbia, Spring Hill, Cookeville, Shelbyville, Tullahoma, McMinnville, Lewisburg, Crossville, Lawrenceburg
Texas
(210, 214, 254, 281, 325, 346, 361, 409, 430, 432, 469, 512, 682, 713, 726, 737, 806, 817, 830, 832, 903, 915, 936, 940, 956, 972, 979)
Texas comes from the word teysha meaning “hello friend” in the language of the Caddo tribe. Spanish explorers and settlers used this word in the 16th century to refer to the friendly tribes throughout Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The first recorded use predates 1689 when the area was referred to as “the great kingdom of Texas” by a Spanish explorer. Although the reference, itself, created a debate (about whether anyone should be calling the land a kingdom or calling it a word that’s merely a greeting), but it stuck.
- 210: Universal City, Leon Valley, Helotes, Kirby, Alamo Heights, Somerset, Elmendorf, Leming, Macdona, San Antonio
- 214: Plano, Garland, Irving, Grand Prairie, McKinney, Frisco, Mesquite, Carrollton, Richardson, Dallas
- 254: Killeen, Waco, Temple, Copperas Cove, Belton, Stephenville, Gatesville, Robinson, Bellmead, Hillsboro
- 281: Pasadena, Pearland, League City, Sugar Land, Baytown, Missouri City, Spring, Texas City, Friendswood, Houston
- 325: Abilene, San Angelo, Brownwood, Snyder, Sweetwater, Kingsland, Brady, Coleman, Comanche, Colorado City
- 346: Pasadena, Pearland, League City, Sugar Land, Baytown, Missouri City, Spring, Texas City, Friendswood, Houston
- 361: Corpus Christi, Victoria, Kingsville, Alice, Portland, Beeville, Port Lavaca, Robstown, Rockport, Ingleside
- 409: Beaumont, Port Arthur, Texas City, Dickinson, Orange, Nederland, Groves, Santa Fe, Port Neches, Lumberton
- 430: Tyler, Longview, Rockwall, Sherman, Texarkana, Paris, Corsicana, Marshall, Denison, Ennis
- 432: Midland, Odessa, Big Spring, Andrews, Pecos, Fort Stockton, Monahans, Seminole, Kermit, Alpine
- 469: Plano, Garland, Irving, Grand Prairie, McKinney, Frisco, Mesquite, Carrollton, Richardson, Dallas
- 512: Austin, Round Rock, Cedar Park, Georgetown, San Marcos, Pflugerville, Leander, Kyle, Hutto, Taylor
- 682: Fort Worth, Arlington, Irving, Grand Prairie, North Richland Hills, Mansfield, Grapevine, Bedford, Keller, Haltom City
- 713: Pasadena, Pearland, League City, Sugar Land, Baytown, Missouri City, Spring, Texas City, Friendswood, Houston
- 726: Universal City, Leon Valley, Helotes, Kirby, Alamo Heights, Somerset, Elmendorf, Leming, Macdona, San Antonio
- 737: Austin, Round Rock, Cedar Park, Georgetown, San Marcos, Pflugerville, Leander, Kyle, Hutto, Taylor
- 806: Lubbock, Amarillo, Plainview, Pampa, Hereford, Dumas, Canyon, Levelland, Borger, Brownfield
- 817: Fort Worth, Arlington, Irving, Grand Prairie, Denton, North Richland Hills, Mansfield, Grapevine, Bedford, Keller
- 830: New Braunfels, Del Rio, Eagle Pass, Seguin, Kerrville, Uvalde, Boerne, Fredericksburg, Pearsall, San Antonio
- 832: Pasadena, Pearland, League City, Sugar Land, Baytown, Missouri City, Spring, Texas City, Friendswood, Houston
- 903: Longview, Paris, Corsicana, Marshall, Denison, Ennis, Palestine, Mount Pleasant, Kilgore, Jacksonville
- 915: El Paso, Socorro, San Elizario, Fabens, Canutillo, Vinton, Van Horn, Fort Hancock, Tornillo, Clint
- 936: Conroe, Huntsville, Lufkin, Nacogdoches, Liberty, Dayton, Navasota, Crockett, Prairie View, Diboll
- 940: Denton, Wichita Falls, Gainesville, Prosper, Mineral Wells, Burkburnett, Vernon, Graham, Sanger, Celina
- 956: Laredo, Brownsville, McAllen, Edinburg, Mission, Pharr, Harlingen, Weslaco, San Benito, Mercedes
- 972: Dallas, Arlington, Plano, Garland, Irving, Grand Prairie, McKinney, Frisco, Mesquite, Carrollton
- 979: College Station, Bryan, Rosenberg, Lake Jackson, Alvin, Angleton, Bay City, Brenham, Freeport, El Campo
Utah
(385, 435, 801)
Mountains, high plateaus, and deserts distinguish Utah’s topography. When Spanish settlers arrived in the area in the late 16th century, they noticed that some of the native tribes lived in the mountains, while some lived in the valleys. The Apache word, yuttahih refers to either “high places” or “people who live in high places.” It stuck with the settlers, who referred to the natives who lived in the mountains as the Ute people (the Utes are a native American tribe living primarily in Utah to this day) and the land as Utah.
- 385: Salt Lake City, West Valley City, Provo, West Jordan, Orem, Ogden, Layton, Lehi, Murray, Bountiful
- 435: Logan, Tooele, Cedar City, Washington, Brigham City, Hurricane, Vernal, Smithfield, Grantsville, Heber City
- 801: Salt Lake City, West Valley City, Provo, West Jordan, Orem, Ogden, Layton, Lehi, Murray, Bountiful
Vermont
(802)
“Vermont” is a portmanteau of sorts from the French words for “green” and “mountain”—verd and mont. (Vermont is the Green Mountain State, after all.) The French explorer, Samuel de Champlain first recorded the name on a map in 1647. Thinking of where you want to retire?
- 802: Burlington, South Burlington, Rutland, Essex Junction, Bennington, Barre, Montpelier, Brattleboro, Winooski, Middlebury
Virginia
(276, 434, 540, 571, 703, 757, 804)
Virginia was named for Queen Elizabeth I of England, also known as the Virgin Queen. It’s thought that Sir Walter Raleigh suggested the name to the Queen in 1584 when she gave Raleigh permission to colonize the land.
- 276: Bristol, Martinsville, Abingdon, Wytheville, Collinsville, Galax, Marion, Big Stone Gap, Richlands, Bluefield
- 434: Lynchburg, Charlottesville, Danville, Madison Heights, Forest, Farmville, South Boston, Crozet, Emporia, South Hill
- 540: Roanoke, Harrisonburg, Blacksburg, Fredericksburg, Winchester, Salem, Staunton, Christiansburg, Waynesboro, Culpeper
- 571: Arlington, Alexandria, Centreville, Dale City, Reston, Leesburg, McLean, Ashburn, Manassas, Burke
- 703: Arlington, Alexandria, Centreville, Dale City, Reston, Leesburg, McLean, Ashburn, Manassas, Burke
- 757: Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Newport News, Hampton, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Williamsburg, Poquoson, Franklin
- 804: Richmond, Mechanicsville, Petersburg, Hopewell, Chester, Colonial Heights, Bon Air, Highland Springs, Glen Allen, Lakeside
Washington
(206, 253, 360, 425, 509, 564)
Yep: Both Washington State (and Washington D.C.) are named for the first president of the United States. Granted statehood in 1889, Washington is the only state named after a president.
- 206: Seattle, Burien, Edmonds, Des Moines, Tukwila, White Center, Lake Forest Park, Vashon, Richmond Beach
- 253: Tacoma, Kent, Federal Way, Auburn, Parkland, University Place, Des Moines, Spanaway, Bonney Lake, Covington
- 360: Vancouver, Everett, Bellingham, Marysville, Olympia, Lacey, Bremerton, Longview, Mount Vernon, Oak Harbo
- 425: Bellevue, Kent, Everett, Renton, Kirkland, Marysville, Redmond, Bothell, Edmonds, Lynnwood
- 509: Spokane, Yakima, Kennewick, Pasco, Richland, Wenatchee, Walla Walla, Moses Lake, Ellensburg, Sunnyside
- 564: Vancouver, Everett, Bellingham, Marysville, Olympia, Lacey, Bremerton, Longview, Mount Vernon, Oak Harbor
West Virginia
(304, 681)
When West Virginia withdrew from Virginia in 1861 because it didn’t agree with Virginia’s seceding from the Union, it considered the names, “Kanawha,” “Vandalia,” “Augusta,” “Allegheny,” “New Virginia,” and “Western Virginia.” But despite their political disagreement with Virginia, residents in the western half of the state still retained a fondness for the name.
- 304: Charleston, Huntington, Parkersburg, Morgantown, Fairmont, Martinsburg, Beckley, Clarksburg, Bluefield, Moundsville
- 681: Charleston, Huntington, Parkersburg, Morgantown, Wheeling, Weirton, Fairmont, Martinsburg, Beckley, Clarksburg
Wisconsin
(262, 414, 534, 608, 715, 920)
Wisconsin was originally “Meskonsing,” which is the Native American name for the river (now called Wisconsin as well) that runs 430 miles through the state. The English eventually changed the spelling to “Wisconsin,” because that’s what the Indian word sounded like to them. “Recent scholarship has concluded that the word actually means, ‘this stream meanders through something red,'” according to WisconsinHistory.org and that the “something red” is Wisconsin’s sandstone bluffs (the Wisconsin Dells).
- 262: Milwaukee, Kenosha, Racine, Waukesha, New Berlin, Brookfield, Menomonee Falls, West Bend, Muskego, Caledonia
- 414: Milwaukee, West Allis, Wauwatosa, New Berlin, Greenfield, Oak Creek, Muskego, South Milwaukee, Cudahy, Greendale
- 534: Eau Claire, Wausau, Stevens Point, Superior, Marshfield, Wisconsin Rapids, Menomonie, River Falls, Chippewa Falls, Hudson
- 608: Madison, Janesville, La Crosse, Beloit, Sun Prairie, Fitchburg, Middleton, Onalaska, Stoughton, Platteville
- 715: Eau Claire, Marshfield, Chippewa Falls, Hudson, Marinette, Ashland, Antigo, Clintonville, Medford, Baldwin
- 920: Green Bay, Appleton, Oshkosh, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Neenah, De Pere, Watertown, Howard
Wyoming
(307)
Depending on who you talk to, the word Wyoming means either “large plains,” “mountains and valleys alternating,” “at the big river flat,” or “a large prairie place.” What is known for certain is that the name was proposed by Ohio Congressman James M. Ashley in 1865, although he later questioned his decision to support creating a congressional district out of the incredibly arid land. Wyoming became a territory in 1868 and a state in 1890.
- 307: Cheyenne, Casper, Gillette, Laramie, Rock Springs, Sheridan, Green River, Evanston, Riverton, Jackson

Business Definitions

Marketing

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Search engine optimization is the process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic to a website or a web page from search engines. SEO targets unpaid traffic rather than direct traffic or paid traffic.
Product SEO
Product page SEO is the practice of optimizing elements of product pages to provide search engines with enough semantically relevant content to get the page found in search engines.
eCommerce SEO
Ecommerce SEO is the process of making your online store more visible in the search engine results pages (SERPs). ... Ecommerce SEO usually involves optimizing your headlines, product descriptions, meta data, internal link structure, and navigational structure for search and user experience.
Content SEO
Content SEO refers to creating content that helps your web pages to rank high in the search engines. It includes everything to do with the writing and structuring of content on your website.
Local SEO
After 100's of case studies, we found that traffic generated from local search converts 4x better than the average source of website traffic. It's one of the most impactful strategies a business can implement.

Technical SEO
With any technical SEO project, one must dive into your website code and analyze performance. From page speed updates to leveraging server logging to deferring parsing of javascript and so much more. We'll ensure your website is up to snuff so you don't have to.
On Page SEO
On-page SEO (or on-site SEO) is the practice of optimizing web pages for specific keywords in order to improve search visibility and traffic. It involves aligning page-specific elements like title tags, headings, content, and internal links with keywords.
Off Page SEO
Off-page SEO (also called "off-site SEO") refers to actions taken outside of your own website to impact your rankings within search engine results pages (SERPs). Along with on-page SEO, these include several of the factors of basic SEO that help a site to rank.
Social Media SEO
Social media SEO, or social SEO, is the practice of combining social media and SEO strategies to improve your search rankings.
Image SEO
Image SEO refers to the optimization of graphics on a website to make the page more appealing to search engine crawlers. Image SEO provides additional information about a graphic to search engines, which helps them understand the content and can lead to a boost in search rankings and visibility.

Video SEO
Video SEO is simply optimizing your video to be indexed and rank on the search engine results pages for relevant keyword searches..
PDF SEO
PDFs show in Google search results with a PDF tag. PDFs are converted to and indexed as HTML. For PDFs where there are images of text, Google uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to convert the image of text into text. Images in PDFs are also indexed in image search results.
LinkedIn SEO
LinkedIn SEO works the same way SEO works on your website. Strategically placed keywords throughout your profile helps you get found by the LinkedIn search algorithm and rank you at the top of search results..
YouTube SEO
YouTube SEO is the practice of optimizing your channel's page, playlists, metadata, description and videos. You can optimize your videos for YouTube's search engine as well as other search engines.
Pinterest SEO
Pinterest can be a powerful tool to promote your business for several reasons. First, Pinterest attracts a large amount of internet traffic. Finally, Pinterest makes a great addition to an SEO strategy because it allows business owners to specifically target products.

Facebook SEO
Every post you share on Facebook should be optimized to your brand's SEO keywords. By strategically adding SEO keywords to the captions of the photos, videos and articles you share, you'll be able to boost your search rankings across Facebook and on the web.
Instagram SEO
What is SEO on Instagram? Instagram SEO is the process of optimizing your content in order to rank your profile higher in the Instagram search results. And though it may not have the same appeal as live streams or carousel ads, it's as worthy of your time as anything else.
High Volume SEO
Most potential targets will fall somewhere in between these two extremes – and while there is certainly some nuance in determining whether a keyword is high or low volume, most keywords with more than 250 global monthly searches can effectively be considered “high volume”.
SEO Authority
Google wants to provide its users with reliable information and results. This means that the more authority you have, the more customers you can attract through organic search. If Google doesn't consider your website important, you will rarely make it to the top of search engine results
Reputation SEO
Reputation SEO is about presenting a brand in the best possible light for a search. SEO Reputation Management focuses on SERP (search engine results page) and keyword performance. It's about finding opportunities to improve rankings of positive content and drown out negative search results.

Single Location SEO
You’re a small business in a thriving community. That community is full of new, potential customers who are the key to your success. But what if they can’t find your business through a basic online search? Your customers are out there searching for you but it’s up to you to help them find you.
Multi Location SEO
If you’ve spent any time working on your own SEO, you know how much work it takes researching, implementing & continuously adjusting your optimizations to get ranked on the first page for your target keywords. Each client is unique and as such, we provide customized SEO services to reach your goals.
Employment SEO
Search engines scan your content for commonly-searched job keywords and phrases, like titles and responsibilities. The more people who click on your content while searching specific job description keywords, the more likely your content will get boosted to the top of future searches.
Social SEO
Social SEO refers to the idea that social media links and interaction play a considerable part in a website's search rankings. Basically SEO is all about optimizing content—whether it's on your website or on a social media platform—in order to appear higher in search rankings.
Vimeo SEO
Vimeo Business, Premium, and Enterprise members can use Vimeo's SEO tool to help their showcases get discovered by new audiences online. Without SEO, the only way for new viewers to find your videos is via a direct link

SEO Schema
Schema is a semantic vocabulary of tags (or microdata) that you can add to your HTML to improve the way search engines read and represent your page in SERPs.
Competitor SEO
SEO competitor analysis is the process by which you can get all the details you need about your rivals. It will provide you with data about which SEO tactics are working for those rivals. As you're in the same field, it's likely that those tactics could also work for you.
Compare SEO
SEO Compare allows you to compare the keyword optimization of two websites according to one or more keywords and analyzes the specific differences
SEO Strategy
SEO strategy is a detailed plan to improve a website's search engine rankings in order to capture more organic traffic. This plan should draw from several foundational pillars, including technical SEO, content strategy, on-page SEO, link building and user experience.
SEO Business Strategy
Search engine optimization (SEO) is how you help customers find your site when they search on Google, Bing and Yahoo. By building your site the right way and optimizing your keywords, you'll drive more traffic to your page and generate more sales.

Social Media Marketing (SMM)
Social media marketing is the use of social media platforms to connect with your audience to build your brand, increase sales, and drive website traffic.
Search Engine Marketing (SEM)
Search engine marketing (SEM) is a digital marketing strategy used to increase the visibility of a website in search engine results pages (SERPs). Search engine marketing is also alternately referred to as paid search or pay per click (PPC).
High Converting Landing Pages
A high converting landing page acts simply as a portal to move visitors down the funnel more efficiently. Rather than people stumbling upon your CTA somewhere in your right rail or on your homepage, they find it right away on the landing page and move on to subscribe, sign up, buy or join.
Blogs
A blog is a type of website where the content is presented in reverse chronological order (newer content appear first). Blog content is often referred to as entries or “blog posts”.
Newsletters
A newsletter is a printed or electronic report containing news concerning the activities of a business or an organization that is sent to its members, customers, employees or other subscribers.

Funnel as a Service (FaaS)
The purchase funnel, or purchasing funnel, is a consumer-focused marketing model that illustrates the theoretical customer journey toward the purchase of a good or service.
Marketing Funnel
A marketing funnel is a model that shows the way a potential customer goes from becoming aware of your brand to purchasing a good or service. This model involves several stages of customer engagement with a brand.
Copywriting
How well written is the content of your website? Build deeper connections with your customers through great copywriting.
Google Analytics
Ever wonder which of your marketing campaigns actually works? Dive deep into the analytics and gain insights you typically wouldn't notice.
Remarketing
There will always be people who convert on your website after only visiting it once. However, this is a super small percentage coming in at an average of 2-3%. What if we told you we could increase the number of conversions with existing traffic? Unleash the power of remarketing.

Google Ads
Google Ads is an online advertising platform developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display brief advertisements, service offerings, product listings, or videos to web users. It can place ads both in the results of search engines like Google Search and on non-search websites, mobile apps, and videos.
Google Shopping
Google Shopping allows users to search for products on online shopping websites and compare prices between different vendors.
Bing Ads
Microsoft Advertising is a service that provides pay per click advertising on the Bing, Yahoo!, and DuckDuckGo search engines.
Bing Sopping
Bing Shopping is a products search and discovery service that helps save time by bringing products from multiple sellers together on a single website. It uses the power of Bing to show product results–including photos and product details. Products can be filtered and prices compared.
Bing Places
Bing Places for Business is a Bing portal for local business owners to list their businesses on the search engine.

Google Search Console (GSC)
Google Search Console is a web service by Google which allows webmasters to check indexing status and optimize visibility of their websites.
Google My Business (GMB)
Your Business Profile is a free tool that allows you to take charge of the way your business appears on Google Search and Maps. With your Business Profile, you can connect with customers, post updates, list your products and services, accept online orders, and more.
Google Business Profile
Your Business Profile is Google's term for your Google business listing. Business Profiles appear in Google Maps and in the local results of Google Search. ... The Business Profile is then open to consumers to leave reviews, add photos, ask questions, and even answer questions.
Google Business Profile Manager
Turn people who find you on Google Search and Maps into new customers with a free Business Profile for your storefront or service area. Personalize your profile with photos, offers, posts, and more. Manage now.
LinkedIn Ads
LinkedIn is a powerful way to reach your audience, especially if you're a B2B. The targeting capabilities, as well as custom segments, allow you to hone in on exactly who you want to reach while maximizing your efficiency.

Pinterest Ads
Ads are regular Pins that you pay to be placed where people are most likely to see them. These Pins will surface in your desired audience's home feed, category feeds, and relevant search results.
Twitter Ads
Twitter Ads are the perfect complement to organic content strategy. The promoted, paid content you create in your campaigns will appear as Promoted Ads and/or Follower Ads — all exposed to a broad audience of your choice for increased exposure and visibility. It's easy to get started
Instagram Ads
Instagram ads are posts for which businesses can pay to serve to Instagram users.
Facebook Ads
Facebook ads are paid messages from businesses that are written in their voice and help reach the people who matter most to them. Advertisers create campaigns that have specific goals, which we call advertising objectives and they create ads within those campaigns to help them reach those objectives.
Youtube Ads
YouTube advertising, done through Google Ads, is a way of advertising your video content on YouTube or in search results so you can maximize your user reach. This could be your video playing before a user views another's video or showing up in YouTube search results for people to watch in full.

Vimeo Ads
Vimeo's free video ad maker offers easy to use, professionally-designed video ad templates to get you started in minutes. Choose from our stock library. Choose images from Vimeo's unlimited stock library or upload your own video clips and images that showcase your business.
Yandex Direct
Yandex.Direct is a one-stop platform for posting contextual and display advertising that allows you to build a sales funnel and solve marketing tasks at all levels. You can set up effective communication scenarios with consumers in Yandex.Direct.
Yahoo Advertising
Yahoo Native is the only marketplace that offers search and native advertising in one advertising platform. Our native solutions empower you with insightful data, brand-safe premium content, and advanced technologies to deliver engaging advertising campaigns that really drive results.
Amazon Ads
advertising on Amazon is much like advertising on Google Ads. When you type in a keyword in the Amazon search box and results appear, some of the top results will be sponsored posts—these are considered Amazon Ads. They are denoted with subtle “sponsored” or “ad” text.
Email Marketing
Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message, typically to a group of people, using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing.

Content Management System (CMS)
A content management system (CMS) is an application that is used to manage content, allowing multiple contributors to create, edit and publish. ... Content creation, allows users to easily create and format content. Content storage, stores content in one place, in a consistent fashion.
Leads Database
A lead database is an organized collection of consumer buying patterns and histories stored in a computer system with the intent it may be quickly retrieved to provide marketing information
Leads Management
Lead management is a set of methodologies, systems, and practices designed to generate new potential business clientele, generally operated through a variety of marketing campaigns or programs.
Marketing
the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising.
CASL Compliant
Canadian Anti-Span Legislation Consent is at the heart of CASL. Under CASL, individuals and businesses are required to obtain consent from customers before sending them commercial electronic messages, such as emails or texts.

CAN-SPAM Compliant
The CAN-SPAM Act, a law that sets the rules for commercial email, establishes requirements for commercial messages, gives recipients the right to have you stop emailing them, and spells out tough penalties for violations.
Opportunity Alerts
An opportunity alert is a message or notification coming from within your business that a new opportunity is available and should be followed up on.
A/B Testing
Any successful PPC campaign has ongoing A/B testing to ensure it is performing at its highest potential. Landing pages, copy, keywords, placements, audiences, scripts, and device adjustments are just a handful of what to expect from some of the A/B tests we run.
PPC Advertising
Pay-per-click is an internet advertising model used to drive traffic to websites, in which an advertiser pays a publisher when the ad is clicked. Pay-per-click is commonly associated with first-tier search engines.
PPM Advertising
PPM stands for Pay-Per-Impression. It works similarly to the PPC approach with the exception you are not charged when someone clicks your ad. Instead, you are charged when your ad appears. To be exact, after your ad appears 1000 times you pay an amount of money.

Marketing Automation
A content management system (CMS) is an application that is used to manage content, allowing multiple contributors to create, edit and publish. ... Content creation, allows users to easily create and format content. Content storage, stores content in one place, in a consistent fashion.
Roadmap Planning
A roadmap is a strategic plan that defines a goal or desired outcome and includes the major steps or milestones needed to reach it.
Infographics
Infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system's ability to see patterns and trends.
eBooks
An ebook, also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices.
At a Glance
A quick, easily readable summary of information.

Presentation
A presentation conveys information from a speaker to an audience. Presentations are typically demonstrations, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, build goodwill, or present a new idea/product.
Videos
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.
White Papers
A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision.
Data Sheets
A data sheet, data-sheet, or spec sheet is a document that summarizes the performance and other characteristics of a product, machine, component, material, subsystem, or software in sufficient detail
Case Studies
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context.

Solution Guides
Solution guides provide an in-depth experience with key features of the product or solution.
Research Reports
A research report is a publication that reports on the findings of a research project or alternatively scientific observations on or about a subject.

Sales

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Customer relationship management is a process in which a business or other organization administers its interactions with customers, typically using data analysis to study large amounts of information.
Purchase Approval System (PAS)
A purchase approval workflow is a formalized way to approve certain spend requests made by team members. Organizations can use purchase approval workflows to set clear checks and balances for spend requests related to new equipment, new hires, new vendors, new budgets, and every other type of expense.
Configure, Price and Quote
Configure, price quote software is a term used in the business-to-business industry to describe software systems that help sellers quote complex and configurable products.
Quote
the estimated price of a job or service
Proposal
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion by others.

Sales Pipeline
A sales pipeline is an organized, visual way of tracking multiple potential buyers as they progress through different stages in the purchasing process.
Sales Funnel
The purchase funnel, or purchasing funnel, is a consumer-focused marketing model that illustrates the theoretical customer journey toward the purchase of a good or service.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP)
A unique selling proposition, more commonly referred to as a USP, is the one thing that makes your business better than the competition.
Ideal Customer Profile (ICP)
An ideal customer profile is a description of the company — not the individual buyer or end user — that's a perfect fit for your solution. Your ICP should focus on relevant characteristics of your target accounts
Commission Management
Commission Management software helps businesses manage and track the sales commissions sales reps earn by selling products and services, enabling the sales organization to quickly and accurately ensure that sales reps are properly compensated for their work

eCommerce

eCommerce
E-commerce is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet.
Multi Session Shopping Cart
An ecommerce shopping cart experiences that allows customers to buy multiple products under various price lists by dynamically dividing the shopping cart into multiple sessions.
Shopping Cart
A shopping cart on an online retailer's site is a piece of software that facilitates the purchase of a product or service. It accepts the customer's payment and organizes the distribution of that information to the merchant, payment processor and other parties.
Online Payment Server
A payment gateway is a merchant service provided by an e-commerce application service provider that authorizes credit card or direct payments processing for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or traditional brick and mortar.
PCI / DSS Compliant
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is an information security standard for organizations that handle branded credit cards from the major card schemes. The PCI Standard is mandated by the card brands but administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council.

SSL Certificate
SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, a global standard security technology that enables encrypted communication between a web browser and a web server.
Website Design
Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; user interface design; authoring, including standardized code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization.
Mobile Responsive
Mobile responsiveness refers to whether a website is optimised to be functional and aesthetically pleasing on devices of different sizes.
Digital Experience Platform (DXP)
Digital experience platform (DXP) is an integrated set of technologies, based on a common platform, that provides a broad range of audiences with consistent, secure and personalized access to information and applications across many digital touchpoints.

Client Services / My Account

Help Desk
Help desk software automates tasks such as: ticket categorization and prioritization, ticket routing, alerts and notifications, ticket status management, and so on. With the right help desk solution, the workload is cut down as many tasks such as issue tracking, assigning, and ticket management can be automated.
Service Desk
A service desk is the software internal support teams use to organize, manage, and respond to questions and issues from employees. Generally, service desks are based on a ticketing system in which the client submits a ticket containing the details of their request.
Support Ticketing System
A ticketing system collects and manages all customer support interactions from different platforms, including phone, live chat, email, and social media. This management system enables IT, support agents, to route various types of tickets to the correct person, resource, or department to obtain the fastest resolution.
Asset Management
Asset management software is a dedicated application which is used to record and track an asset throughout its life cycle
Life Cycle Management (LCM)
Life Cycle Management (LCM) is an integrated concept for managing the total life cycle of goods and services toward a more sustainable production and consumption.

Federal Government Contract Management
Federal Government contract management involves establishing and maintaining formal business relationships between government agencies and the private-sector contractors who supply goods or services to them. Our contract solutions allows resellers to manage various contracts, such as: ITES3H, NIH NITAAC CIO-CS, 2GIT, ESI BPA, GSA, ADMC2, GWAC, NETCENTS-2, CHESS ITES-SW2, CDM, FITARA, IDIQ, CITAAC, PEPPM, SEWPV.
Local and State Government Contract Management
Local and State Government contract management involves establishing and maintaining formal business relationships between government agencies and the private-sector contractors who supply goods or services to them. Our contract solutions allows resellers to manage various contracts, such as: National IPA, ITES, ITES3H, NASPO, GSA, ADMC2, NETCENTS-2, NCPA, CITAAC, PEPPM, SEWPV
Educational Contract Management
Educational contract management involves establishing and maintaining formal business relationships between educational agencies and the private-sector contractors who supply goods or services to them. Our contract solutions allows resellers to manage various contracts, such as: TIPS, National IPA, Quilt, MHEC, OMNIA, NJEdge, NJSBA, USETPA, REMC SAVE, ISTE, PEPPM
Recurring Orders
Recurring orders – or subscription orders – is a feature which makes it possible for customers to create a series of future orders, which are then automatically generated and paid at intervals selected by the customer during checkout
Single Sign On (SSO)
Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication method that enables users to securely authenticate with multiple applications and websites by using just one set of credentials.

My Account
A My Account is an electronic gateway to a collection of digital files, services, and information, accessible over the Internet through a web browser. The term is most often applied to a sharing mechanism between an organization and its clients.
Client Services
Client service is the provision of service to customers before, during, and after a purchase.
Live Chat
Live Chat is an online customer service software with online chat, help desk software, and web analytics capabilities.
Quote to Order
Q2O or Quote-to-order part deals with the quotation of the products, configuring them, and approving the order. The complicated procedures of any end-to-end cycle become easy if quote management and sales software are put to use. This software makes the work of any employee easier, faster, and error-free.
Punchout
A PunchOut site is an eCommerce website that lets your buyers make purchases from a supplier's website accessed directly through your own eProcurement software. It was named for the “punching out” action taken by the buyer organization as they exit their company's system and link to the suppliers' web-based catalogs.

Fulfillment / Financial Management

Invoicing
An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.
Recurring Invoicing
Recurring invoicing or recurring payment is when a merchant automatically charges a customer for goods or services on a prearranged schedule.
Order Fulfillment
Order fulfillment is the process of receiving goods, then processing and delivering orders to customers. The process starts with a customer placing an order and ends once they receive it. However, if the buyer wants to return a product, order fulfillment manages the return transaction as well.
Financial Management
Financial management refers to the strategic planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of financial undertakings in an organization or an institute. It also includes applying management principles to the financial assets of an organization, while also playing an important part in fiscal management.
eProcurement
eProcurement, also known as electronic procurement or supplier exchange, is the purchase and sale of supplies, equipment, works, and services through a web interface or other networked system.

Electronic Procurement
eProcurement, also known as electronic procurement or supplier exchange, is the purchase and sale of supplies, equipment, works, and services through a web interface or other networked system.
Estimated Time of Arrival Management (ETA)
ETA (estimated time of arrival) indicates when a vehicle, cargo ship, or other modes of transportation will arrive at its final destination. Arrival estimates are used to give customers an approximation of when the vehicle carrying their goods will arrive at their location.
Metered Billing
Metered billing is a pricing model in which you pay for a service only based on the level of usage. For example, the cost of a service might depend on time used, volume of data processed, or CPU cycles—depending on the type of service. You receive a monthly bill to pay for your actual level of usage and nothing more.
Managed Print Billing
Managed Print Billing combines service with any other requirements allowing resellers to provide customers with a single bill for a range of print services.
Managed Print Invoicing
With managed print invoicing you can have all of your costs of printing detailed on a single invoice, broken down by printer or cost center.

Cloud Service Billing
Cloud billing solutions are tools that are used to bill for cloud-based software and infrastructure. accurately, the ability to track third-party billing and payouts (such as reseller payouts) correctly, and serve as the single source of truth for invoicing.
Cloud Invoicing
Cloud invoicing takes all of the manual process out of invoicing and guarantees that what your customer ordered is exactly what you invoice.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
Warehouse Management System (WMS)
A warehouse management system is a software application designed to support and optimize warehouse functionality and distribution center management.
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
Security Assertion Markup Language is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. Its primary role in online security is that it enables you to access multiple web applications using one set of login credentials.

Application Programing Interface (API)
API is the acronym for Application Programming Interface, which is a software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other.
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) works over the Secure Shell (SSH) data stream to establish a secure connection and provide organizations with a higher level of file transfer protection.
Accounting Integration
An integrated accounting system is a type of software that combines major financial accounting functions into one application. Replacing several discrete systems or programs eliminates the need for separate books or records for ordering, costing and other management accounting purposes.
Custom Workflow
A custom workflow activity allows you to add complex processing steps to your configurable workflows. Custom Workflows can be run on demand as well as after triggering an event.
Taxation Lookup Service
Taxation lookup service offers clients the ability to monitor tax requirements before making a purchase.

Suppliers / Retailers / Manufacturers

Tech Data
Tech Data Corporation is an American multinational distribution company specializing in IT products and services headquartered in Clearwater, Florida as of 2021.
TD Synnex
TD Synnex Corporation is an American multinational corporation that provides information technology services to businesses. It was founded in 1980 by Robert T. Huang and based in Fremont, California.
Synnex
Synnex Corporation is an American multinational corporation that provides B2B IT services.
Ingram Micro
Ingram Micro is an American distributor of information technology products and services.
D and H
Distributor of IT, business technology, electronics, consumer solutions, home solutions for reseller and retailer serving SMBs, verticals and consumers.

Arrow
Arrow Electronics is an American Fortune 500 company headquartered in Centennial, Colorado. The company specializes in distribution and value added services relating to electronic components and computer products.
Comstor
Westcon-Comstor is a specialist technology distributor. Applying insight, energy and know-how to bring vendors and partners together to drive business.
Westcon
Westcon-Comstor is a specialist technology distributor. Applying insight, energy and know-how to bring vendors and partners together to drive business.
BlueStar
A rapid-growth, innovative company, BlueStar is Canada's leading specialty solutions-based distributor.
Cisco
Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Integral to the growth of Silicon Valley, Cisco develops, manufactures and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products.

Cisco Meraki
isco Meraki is a cloud-managed IT company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Their products include wireless, switching, security, enterprise mobility management and security cameras, all centrally managed from the web.
CDW
CDW Corporation, headquartered in Lincolnshire, Illinois, is a provider of technology products and services for business, government and education.
Insight
Insight Enterprises Inc. is an Arizona-based publicly traded global technology company that focuses on business-to-business and information technology capabilities for enterprises. Insight focuses on three, primary solution areas: cloud and data center transformation, connected workforce, and digital innovation..
CloudWifi
Telecommunications service provider
PC Canada
The premier Canadian online electronics seller, committed to working closely with customers and their business needs.

Newegg
Newegg Commerce, Inc. is an online retailer of items including computer hardware and consumer electronics.
Router-Switch
Professional Cisco Supplier - Buy and sell Cisco router, Cisco switch, Cisco firewall. New used Cisco prices comparison, check Cisco equipment data sheet.
CloudWifiWorks
CloudWifiWorks.com is a division of BlueAlly (formerly Virtual Graffiti Inc.), an authorized Cisco Meraki reseller.
Rhino Networks
Rhino Networks provides comprehensive and affordable cloud managed products and streamlined network solutions for any size organization, within any industry
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation which produces computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services.

Contracts

Federal Government Contracts

SEWP-V
Overview: Providing the latest in commercial ICT/AV products and services, the NASA SEWP contract vehicle has an outstanding track record of serving up fresh technology for Federal Agencies. SEWP is a GWAC consisting of over 140 pre-competed Prime Contract Holders, including more than 100 small businesses.
- SWEP V
- SEWP-V
- SEWPV
- Solutions for Enterprise Wide Procurement
- Government Wide Acquisition Contract
Organization: https://www.sewp.nasa.gov/ Contact: Brian Dufresne, Jeff Shaffer Address: 10210 Greenbelt Road, Suite 200, Lanham, MD 20706 Email: Brian_Dufresne@ios.doi.gov, jeffrey_shaffer@ios.doi.gov Telephone:(301) 286-1478, (301) 286-4555 Additional Info: The SEWP contracts offer a vast selection and wide range of commercial advanced technology, including: (Desktops and servers, ICT peripherals, Network equipment, Storage systems, Security tools, Software products, Cloud based services, Telecommunication, Health ICT, Video conferencing systems, Other ICT and Audio-Visual products) Additional Resources: PDF's
- SEWP-V Training Document
- SEWP-V Contract Holders
- NASA SEWP-V GWAC Guide
- SEWP-V FAQs
- SEWP-V Standards Crosswalk ISO 20243 & NIST 800-161
- SEWP-V OMB Memo
- SEWP-V Newsletter
- SEWP-V OTTPS-NIST Standards Crosswalk
- SEWP-V Newsletter
- SEWP-V Covid 19 FAR 18.202
- SEWP-V End User Device Environment and Trends
- SEWP-V Ordering Process
- SEWP-V Glossary
- SEWP-V Acronyms and Abbreviations
- SEWP-V Quote Request Tool Best Practices
- SEWP-V DEMYSTIFYING SECTION 508
ITES-3H
Enables rapid procurement of both products and complete solutions for enterprise IT including servers, storage, networking, video conferencing, cyber security, virtualization, and biometrics. Associated services such as installation, migration, training, and leasing are available and the contract assists customers in adhering to standards and practices like Energy Star, EPEAT, and DoDIIN Authorized Product list (APL).
- ITES-3H
- ITES3H
- ITES 3H
- Information Technology Enterprise Solutions 3 Hardware
Organization: https://gov-acq.com/contracts-3/army-ites-3h/ Contact: Candace R. Browning (Program Manager) Address: 720 E Pete Rose Way, Suite 360, incinnati, OH 45202, US Email: Candace.Browning@gov-acq.com Telephone: 513.562.2049 Additional Info: The ITES-3H contracts provide for the purchase and lease of commercial UNIX Based Servers, Non-UNIX based servers, desktops, notebooks, workstations, thin clients, storage systems, networking equipment (including wireless), network printers, product ancillaries (including equipment cabinets, racks and mounts), peripherals (including monitors), network cabling products, video teleconferencing (VTC) products, standalone displays (e.g., plasma screens, HDTVs), scanners, Everything over Internet Protocol (EoIP) products, communication devices, power devices, and software provided as part of the end to end solution (includes Enterprise Software Agreements (ESA), Non-ESA, SmartBUY, and Non-SmartBUY), warranty variations, and other related incidental services, accessories, and options.
CIO-CS
NIH CIO-CS is a 10-year, Government-Wide Acquisition Contract (GWAC) for IT commodities/solutions that can be used by any Federal civilian or DoD agency to fulfill mission critical requirements while meeting their socioeconomic goals.
- CIO-CS
- CIO CS
- NIH CIO-CS
- NIH CIO-CS GWAC
Organization: https://gov-acq.com/contracts/nih-cio-cs-contract/ Contact: Ashley Davis (Program Manager) Address: x Email: Ashley.Davis@gov-acq.com Telephone: 513.562.4806 Additional Info: Chief Information Officer – Commodities and Solutions (CIO-CS) is the next generation Government-Wide Acquisition Contract (GWAC) vehicle administered by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Information Technology Acquisition and Assessment Center (NITAAC). The contract is focused on IT products and services, both on-site and in the cloud. It offers a wide range of advanced technology including end-user computing, servers, storage, enterprise software, cyber-security solutions, health care IT, cloud computing, and cloud storage.
NIH NITAAC
NIH Information Technology Acquisition and Assessment Center (NITAAC) is the designated federal Executive Agent authorized by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to administer three GWACs for information technology (IT) acquisitions.
- NIH NITAAC
- NIH-NITAAC
- NIH Information Technology Acquisition and Assessment Center
Organization: https://nitaac.nih.gov/ Contact: Brian K. Goodger (Acting Director) Address: x Email: NITAACsupport@nih.gov Telephone: 1.888.773.6542 Additional Info: NITAAC (NIH Information Technology Acquisition and Assessment Center) is housed within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and is a full service acquisition program that has been designated a federal Executive Agent, authorized by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to administer three Government-Wide Acquisition Contracts (GWACs) for information technology (IT) acquisitions. CIO-SP3, CIO-SP3 Small Business, and CIO-CS can be used by any federal civilian or Department of Defense (DOD) agency to acquire information technology services, solutions, and commodities from pre-qualified vendors at lower than open-market prices in less time than going the traditional full and open route.

2GIT
Overview: GSA’s 2nd Generation Information Technology Blanket Purchase Agreements (2GIT BPAs) provide access to Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware/software and ancillary services.
- 2GIT
- 2GIT BPA
- 2nd Generation Information Technology Blanket Purchase Agreements
Organization: https://www.gsa.gov/technology/technology-purchasing-programs/mas-information-technology/buy-from-mas-information-technology/2nd-generation-information-technology-blanket-purchase-agreements-2git-bpas Contact: Pierre Williams (Senior Contracting Officer), Tom Smith (Contracting Officer Representative) Address: 77 Forsyth St SW Atlanta, GA 30303 Email: 2git@gsa.gov Telephone: 855-482-4348 Additional Info: The fundamental scope of the 2GIT BPAs is to provide a total solution one-stop-shop in the Information Technology market to meet the needs of the Air Force, Department of Defense (DoD) agencies, and other federal, state, local, regional, and tribal governments. The 2GIT BPAs provide the following categories of products and associated services worldwide: networking equipment, servers/storage/peripherals/multimedia, identity management/biometric hardware, end user devices, and associated Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) software not included on other DoD or Federal Agency enterprise license agreements. The 2GIT BPAs provide a streamlined process for procuring IT hardware and software commodities, ancillary supplies and installation services. Additional Resources: PDF's
- 2GIT Portal Feature Guide
- 2GIT Ordering Guide
- 2GIT and application FAQ
- 2GIT Vendor Contact List
- 2GIT Memorandum to AFMAN 17-1203
- 2GIT Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)
- 2GIT BPA Applicable Clauses and Provisions
- 2GIT Vendor Contact List
DOD ESI
DoD ESI is an official Department of Defense initiative sponsored by the DoD Chief Information Officer (CIO) that helps information technology buyers obtain the best value on commercial software, IT hardware, and services. Through its joint team of experts, DoD ESI consolidates requirements and establishes agreements with IT providers, resulting in a unified contracting and vendor management strategy across the entire department.
- DOD ESI
- Department of defence ESI
- Department of defence Enterprise Software Initiative
Organization: https://www.esi.mil/ Contact: Ed Zick (Chief informaton Officer DoD CIO) Address: 1000 Navy Pentagon, Washington Email: edward.c.zick.civ@mail.mil Telephone: x Additional Info: DoD ESI is a joint project designed to implement a software enterprise management process within DoD. By pooling current and future requirements for commercial software and presenting a single negotiating position to leading software vendors, ESI provides pricing advantages not otherwise available to individual Services and Agencies. Twenty three software best practices have been identified and adopted by the ESI Working Group, leading toward a DoD-wide business process for acquiring, distributing and managing Enterprise Software. Agreement negotiations and retail contracting actions are performed by IT acquisition and contracting professionals within participating DoD Services and Agencies, as ESI “Software Product Managers” (SPMs). ESI also offers selected IT services and is implementing IT Asset Management across DoD with linkages to the DoD Component level. The ESI Team promotes regular sharing of information about DoD Component IT hardware enterprise acquisition practices, and is represented on the DoD’s Strategic Sourcing Board of Directors.
ITES-SW2
The scope of the Information Technology Enterprise Solutions – Software 2 (ITES-SW2) includes COTS IT software products in the following 14 catalogs: Audio & Visual, Business & Finance, Communication, Database, Education, Internet, Modeling & Simulation, Multimedia & Design, NetOps, Office Suite, Operating Systems, Programming & Development, IT Utility & Security, and Specialized. ITES-SW2 also allows customers to fulfill a total solution requirement by adding related incidental services and/or hardware.
- ITES-SW2
- ITES SW2
- ITESSW2
- Information Technology Enterprise Solutions Software 2
Organization: https://chess.army.mil/Contract/Program?Name=ITES-SW2 Contact: CHESS Customer Support Team Address: x Email: armychess.@mail.mil Telephone: (888) 232-4405 Additional Info: ITES-SW2 includes COTS IT software products in the following 14 catalogs: Audio & Visual, Business & Finance, Communication, Database, Education, Internet, Modeling & Simulation, Multimedia & Design, NetOps, Office Suite, Operating Systems, Programming & Development, IT Utility & Security, and Specialized. ITES-SW2 also allows customers to fulfill a total solution requirement by adding related incidental services and/or hardware.
CISA CDM
The Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) program helps strengthen the cybersecurity of government networks and systems. CDM provides federal agencies with capabilities and tools that: Find cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis; Prioritize these risks based upon potential impacts; and Enable cybersecurity personnel to focus on the most significant problems first.
- CISA CDM
Organization: https://www.cisa.gov/cdm Contact: CISA Central Address: 245 Murray Lane Washington, D.C. 20528-0380 Email: central@cisa.gov Telephone: 888-282-0870 Additional Info: Key Program objectives are to: Reduce agency threat surface; Streamline Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) reporting; Increase visibility into federal cybersecurity; and Improve the ability to respond to federal cybersecurity issues.

State & Local Contracts

OMNIA (National IPA)
OMNIA Partners, the nation's largest cooperative purchasing organization, provides government agencies and educational institutions with an extensive portfolio of IT cooperative contracts that cover diverse needs including cloud solutions, data storage, security systems, hardware, software, complete work-from-home packages and more. All contracts are competitively solicited and publicly awarded by government agencies and educational institutions serving as lead agencies while utilizing industry best practices, processes, and procedures. We deliver more cooperative contracts, in more verticals, with transparent, value-driven pricing.
- OMNIA
- OMNIA Partners
- National IPA
Organization: https://www.omniapartners.com/ Contact: Doug Looney (Senior Vice President Public Sector Sales) Address: 840 Crescent Centre Drive, Suite 600, Franklin, TN 37067 Email: Doug.Looney@omniapartners.com Telephone: 866 875 3299 Additional Info: OMNIA Partners is the largest and most trusted cooperative purchasing organization for public sector procurement. We brought together the nation’s two leading cooperative purchasing organizations – National IPA and U.S. Communities – under one roof to form OMNIA Partners, Public Sector. The collective buying power of these unified purchasing cooperatives delivers superior value and savings for public agencies nationwide.
NASPO ValuePoint
NASPO ValuePoint is a cooperative purchasing program facilitating public procurement solicitations and agreements using a lead-state model.
- NASPO ValuePoint
- NASPO Value Point
- National Association of State Procurement Officials
Organization: https://www.naspovaluepoint.org/ Contact: Lindle Hatton (CEO) Address: 110 West Vine Street, Suite 600, Lexington, Kentucky 40507 Email: lhatton@naspovaluepoint.org Telephone: (859) 514-9159 Additional Info: NASPO ValuePoint provides the highest standard of excellence in public cooperative contracting. By leveraging the leadership and expertise of all states and the purchasing power of their public entities, NASPO ValuePoint delivers the highest valued, reliable and competitively sourced contracts - offering public entities outstanding prices.

NCPA
NCPA is a leading national government purchasing cooperative working to reduce the cost of goods and services by leveraging the purchasing power of public agencies in all 50 states. NCPA utilizes state of the art procurement resources and solutions that result in cooperative purchasing contracts that ensure all public agencies are receiving products and services of the highest quality at the lowest prices.
- NCPA: National Cooperative Purchasing Alliance
Organization: https://www.ncpa.us/ Contact: NCPA Address: P.O. Box 701273 Houston, TX 77270 Email: info@ncpa.us Telephone: (888) 543-6515 Additional Info: There are over 90,000 agencies nationwide from both the public and nonprofit sectors that are eligible to utilize NCPA's cooperative purchasing contracts. These include, but are not limited to the following agency types: School Districts (including K-12, Charter schools, and Private K-12), Higher Education (including Universities, Community Colleges, Private Colleges, and Technical / Vocational Schools), Cities, Counties, and any Local Government, State Agencies, Healthcare Organizations, Church/Religious, Nonprofit Corporations, Federal

Educational Contracts

PEPPM
PEPPM users achieve lower costs of acquisition for their technology products. They also enjoy the promise from awarded vendors to offer their best national cooperative price – all this under the confidence of using competitively bid contracts awarded by a fellow educational agency. With more than two million products under contract, the PEPPM technology purchasing cooperative is the nation’s most comprehensive source for public agencies to research and procure technology brands that meet their own local standards.
- PEPPM Cooperative Purchasing
Organization: https://www.peppm.org/ Contact: Jared Lehman (Director of Cooperative Purchasing) Address: Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit, 90 Lawton Lane, Milton, PA 17847 Email: jlehman@csiu.org Telephone: (570) 246-5963 Additional Info: PEPPM bids on behalf of thousands of schools and agencies - public schools, vocational/technical schools, approved private schools, intermediate units, nonpublic schools, approved private schools, charter schools, community colleges as well as public libraries. And, with vendor approval and permissible by statute, four year colleges and universities, local and state governments and other non-profit agencies are eligible.
REMC SAVE
REMC SAVE is provided as a service of the REMC Association of Michigan for all Michigan schools. The Project provides large volume contracts for a variety of educational resources. By using REMC SAVE contracts, Michigan schools have saved more than $1 billion since 1990. Every dollar saved through REMC SAVE today is one more dollar to invest in instruction tomorrow.
- REMC SAVE
- REMC-SAVE
- REMCSAVE
Organization: https://www.remcsave.org/ Contact: Sue Schwartz (Executive Director), Kay Hauck (President) Address: REMC Association of Michigan, P.O.Box 607, Marquette, MI 49855 Email: sueschwartz@remc.org, khauck@cgresd.net Telephone: 517-285-2151, 989-386-3851 Additional Info: The following agencies are eligible to purchase using the REMC SAVE Bid Project contracts: PreK-12 Public, Charter (PSA) and Non-Public Schools, Community Colleges, Universities, and Colleges, Public Libraries, Museums, State, County, and Local Government Agencies, Educational Non-profit Organizations, Health Care Facilities
TIPS
The Interlocal Purchasing System, better known as, TIPS Purchasing Cooperative, began in 2002 as a small regional cooperative of the Region 8 Education Service Center. While the cooperative has far exceeded the initial vision, Region 8 ESC has maintained its role as the Lead Agency for what is now a national operation.
- TIPS
- The Interlocal Purchasing System
- TIPS Purchasing Cooperative
Organization: https://www.tips-usa.com/ Contact: DR. DAVID FITTS (Executive Director) Address: PO Box 1894, Mt. Pleasant, TX, 75456 Email: dfitts@reg8.net Telephone: (903) 575-2601 Additional Info: Region 8 ESC is one of 20 Regional Education Service Centers within Texas which assists school districts in improving student performance and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of school operations, as commissioned by the Texas state legislature. Region 8 ESC is governed by a seven-member Board of Directors, elected by local school board members; and an Executive Director, appointed by the Board of Directors, with approval of the Commissioner of Education. The laws of many states throughout the nation permit interlocal cooperation and interlocal agreements with other public entities in the United States. Region 8 ESC, the Lead Agency of TIPS, is a public governmental entity. Please click here and select your state to find more membership information and documentation for your jurisdiction.

The QUILT
Through The Quilt, non-profit regional research and education networks collaborate to develop, deploy and operate advanced cyberinfrastructure that enables innovation in research and education.
- Quilt
- The Quilt
Organization: https://www.thequilt.net/ Contact: Jen Leasure (President and CEO) Address: 2442 NW Market Street #68 Seattle, Washington 98107 Email: jen@thequilt.net Telephone: 206-403-3188 Additional Info: The Quilt is the national coalition of non-profit U.S. regional research and education networks representing 43 networks across the country. Members of The Quilt provide advanced network services and applications to over 900 universities and thousands of other educational and community anchor institutions. Through the collaborative forum of The Quilt, member organizations have access to a broader set of expertise and knowledge than any single organization working on its own. Only through working together do we collectively advance our common public service mission.
MHEC
The Massachusetts Higher Education Consortium (MHEC) is a nonprofit purchasing consortium established in 1977.
- MHEC
- Massachusetts Higher Education Consortium
Organization: https://www.mhec.net/ Contact: Gary Duggan (Director of Procurement and Administrative Services) Address: 100 University Drive, Suite 1, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 Email: info@mhec.net Telephone: 413-545-4669 Additional Info: The Massachusetts Higher Education Consortium (MHEC) is the premier source for regionalized New England group purchasing in the United States. Striving to be the consortium of choice for members by providing multi-vendor contracts that are the best in the industry in terms of cost avoidance, product and service depth, vendor quality, choice and terms; and by being an active catalyst for local and regional small business participation, including women and minority owned companies. Support the success of members and vendors by engaging their input and providing consulting support, customized reporting, special events, education programs and communications forums that encourage a vibrant, interactive, regional marketplace and learning community. Committed to staying on the leading edge of technology as an integral part of our delivery model.

Contract Holders

Section 1

4 Star Technologies
4 Star Technologies, Inc. specializes in custom multi-vendor solutions to include high-end servers, desktops/laptops, networks, security, and accessories.
- 4 Star Technologies
- 4 Star Tech
- 4 Star Technologies Inc
Organization: https://www.4star-tech.com/ Contact: Larry Ebeling (Program Manager), Blair Ebeling (Deputy Program Manager) Address: 585 S Birdneck Rd 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23451, United States Email: larry.ebeling@4star-tech.com, blair.ebeling@4star-tech.com Telephone: 757-965-9034, 757-222-1857 Additional Info: Group B_HUBZone, DUNS: 610109675, Section 889 Certified, COVID-19 FAR Clause Incorporated, Contract number: NNG15SD06B

Government Customers List

Department of Commerce:

Bureau of the Census
Bureau of Industry and Security
International Trade Administration
NIST
NOAA
NTIA
Patent and Trademark Office

Department of Energy

Ames Laboratory
Bonneville Power Administration
Brookhaven National Laboratory
FERC
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Idaho National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory
National Nuclear Security Administration
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Office of Legacy Management
Pantex Plant
Sandia National Laboratories
Southeastern Power Administration
Southwestern Power Administration
Western Area Power Administration

Department of Homeland Security

U.S. Coast Guard
CBP
FEMA
ICE
INS
Maritime Domain Awareness
U.S. Secret Service
TSA

Department of Interior

Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Reclamation
Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Geological Survey
National Business Center
National Indian Gaming Commission
National Park Service
Office of Inspector General

Department of Justice

U.S. Attorneys
ATF
DEA
FBI
Federal Bureau of Prisons
INTERPOL
U.S. Marshals Service
National Drug Intelligence Center
UNICOR

Department of Labor

Bureau of Labor Statistics
Employment and Training Administration
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

Department of Transportation

FAA
FHA
FRA
NHTSA

Department of Veterans Affairs

Veterans Benefits Administration
Veterans Health Administration

Independent Agencies

Agency for International Development
Broadcasting Board of Governors
CIA
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Consumer Product Safety Commission
EPA
EEOC
Export-Import Bank of the U.S

.
Farm Credit Administration
FCC
FDIC
Federal Election Commission
Federal Home Loan Bank
Federal Housing Finance Board
Federal Reserve Board
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board
FTC
GSA
Merit Systems Protection Board
NASA
NARA
National Labor Relations Board
National Mediation Board
National Science Foundation
NTSB
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
OPM
USPS
Railroad Retirement Board
SEC
Small Business Administration
Social Security Administration
TVA

U.S. Congress

U.S. Capitol Police
Government Printing Office
U.S. House of Representatives
Library of Congress
U.S. Senate
Executive Office of the President
Department of Agriculture
Department of Education
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of State
Department of Treasury
U.S. Federal Courts

DOD CUSTOMERS

U.S. Air Force
Air Armament Center
Air Combat Command
Air Education and Training Command
Air Force Communications Agency
Air Force Flight Test Center
Air Force Materiel Command
Air Force Postal and Courier Association
Air Force Research Laboratory
Air Force Reserve Command
Air Force Satellite Control Network
Air Force Weather Agency
Air Mobility Command
Air National Guard
Arnold Air Force Base
Electronic Systems Center
Hanscom Air Force Base
Headquarters Air Force Services Agency
Medical Service Corps
Shaw Air Force Base
Space and Missile Systems Center
Travis Air Force Base

U.S. Army

Aberdeen Proving Ground
ARDEC
Army Contracting Agency
Aviation and Missile Command
CECOM
Army Corps of Engineers
Customer Management Services
DOIM
ERDC
Forces Command
Fort Carson
Fort Detrick
Fort Huachuca
Fort Monmouth
Human Resources Command
Intelligence and Security Command
Materiel Command
Medical Command
Military Academy
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
National Ground Intelligence Center
National Guard
Network Enterprise Technology Command
Recruiting Command
Research Laboratory
RDECOM
Reserve Command
Software Engineering Center, Ft. Belvoir
Space and Missile Defense Command
STRICOM
TACOM
TECOM
TRADOC

U.S. Navy

Explosive Ordnance Disposal
FISC Norfolk
FISC San Diego
Military Sealift Command
Naval Air Systems Command
NAWCTSD
NAWCWD
Naval Criminal Investigative Service
NETPDTC
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
NISMC
Naval Inventory Control Point
Naval Research Laboratory
Naval Satellite Operations Center
Naval Sea Systems Command
Naval Station Norfolk
Naval Supply Systems Command
Naval Support Activity
Naval Surface Warfare Center
Naval Underwater Warfare Center
Navy Supply Information Systems Activity
Office of Naval Research
SPAWAR
Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific
U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Naval Observatory

Defense Agencies

AFIS
DARPA
DeCA
DCAA
DCMA
DCCC
DFAS
DISA
DIA
DLA
DSS
DTIC
DTRA
DoDEA
MDA
NGA
NRO
NSA
TRICARE
WHS

Unified Combatant Commands

CENTCOM
EUCOM
JFCOM
SOUTHCOM
SOCOM
STRATCOM
TRANSCOM

STATE & LOCAL CUSTOMERS

District of Columbia
State of Alabama
State of Arizona
State of California
State of Connecticut
State of Delaware
State of Florida
State of Georgia
State of Hawaii
State of Idaho
State of Illinois
State of Indiana
State of Iowa
State of Kentucky
State of Louisiana
State of Maryland
State of Massachusetts
State of Michigan
State of Minnesota
State of Mississippi
State of Missouri
State of Montana
State of Nebraska
State of Nevada
State of New Jersey
State of New Mexico
State of New York
State of North Carolina
State of North Dakota
State of Ohio
State of Oklahoma
State of Oregon
State of Pennsylvania
State of South Carolina
State of Tennessee
State of Texas
State of Utah
State of Virginia
State of Washington
State of West Virginia
State of Wisconsin

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ConnectWise Manage is a managed service provider (MSP) solution that caters to businesses of all sizes across various industries such as marketing and advertising, finance, sales, hospitality and more.
Connectwise Automate
ConnectWise Automate is the RMM solution that gives you complete access and control over agent and agentless devices across your entire network. You can remotely access endpoint devices, either manually or automatically, without disrupting users while you resolve performance and/or security-related issues.
Live Chat
LiveChat is an online customer service software with online chat, help desk software, and web analytics capabilities.
Zendesk
Zendesk is an American company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It provides software-as-a-service products related to customer support, sales, and other customer communications.

Punchout2Go
PunchOut2Go for NetSuite ERP provides PunchOut authentication of the user from NetSuite ERP into the vendor's eCommerce application
Salesforce
Salesforce is an American cloud-based software company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It provides customer relationship management service and also provides enterprise applications focused on customer service, marketing automation, analytics, and application development.
SAP
SAP SE is a German multinational software corporation based in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, that develops enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. The company is especially known for its ERP software.
Quickbooks
QuickBooks is a full-featured business and financial management suite complete with tools for accounting, inventory, payroll, tax filing, invoicing, bank account tracking and reconciliation, expense management, budgeting, payment processing, and accounts receivable and accounts payable management.
JD Edwards
J.D. Edwards World Solution Company or JD Edwards, abbreviated JDE, was an enterprise resource planning software company, whose namesake ERP system is still sold under ownership by Oracle Corporation.

Oracle
Oracle Database is a multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing, data warehousing and mixed database workloads.
NetSuite
NetSuite software is an online service that enables companies to manage all key business processes in a single system. ... Companies use NetSuite for enterprise resource planning (ERP) and to manage inventory, track their financials, host e-commerce stores and maintain customer relationship management (CRM) systems.
Zapier
Zapier is a tool that helps you automate repetitive tasks between two or more apps—no code necessary. When an event happens in one app, Zapier can tell another app to perform (or do) a particular action.
Boomi
Boomi is a software company that specializes in integration platform as a service, API management, Master Data Management and data preparation.
Jitterbit
Jitterbit helps businesses make faster, more effective decisions by enabling them to unify and exploit data from all sources. Using the Jitterbit API integration platform companies can rapidly connect SaaS, on-premises and cloud applications and instantly infuse artificial intelligence into any business process.

Cisco Alternatives

Juniper Networks
Juniper Networks, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. The company develops and markets networking products, including routers, switches, network management software, network security products, and software-defined networking technology.
Huawei
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is a Chinese multinational technology corporation headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It designs, develops and sells telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics and various smart devices.
Arista Networks
Arista Networks is an industry leader in data-driven, client to cloud networking for large data center, campus and routing environments. Arista's award-winning platforms deliver availability, agility, automation, analytics and security through CloudVision and Arista EOS, an advanced network operating system.
VMware
VMware, Inc. is an American cloud computing and virtualization technology company headquartered in California. VMware was the first commercially successful company to virtualize the x86 architecture.
Dell Technologies
Dell Technologies is the leader in digital transformation, providing digital technology solutions, products, and services to drive business success.

Extreme Networks
Extreme Networks is an American networking company based in San Jose, California. Extreme Networks designs, develops, and manufactures wired and wireless network infrastructure equipment and develops the software for network management, policy, analytics, security and access controls.
HPE (Aruba)
Aruba Networks is the leading provider of next-generation network access solutions for the mobile enterprise. Aruba Networks, formerly known as Aruba Wireless Networks, is a Santa Clara, California-based wireless networking subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise company.
NETGEAR
Netgear, Inc. is a multinational computer networking company based in San Jose, California, with offices in about 25 other countries. It produces networking hardware for consumers, businesses, and service providers. The company operates in three business segments: retail, commercial, and as a service provider.
Fortinet
Fortinet is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It develops and sells cybersecurity solutions, such as physical firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion prevention systems and endpoint security components.
Nvidia
Nvidia Corporation is an American multinational technology company incorporated in Delaware and based in Santa Clara, California. It designs graphics processing units for the gaming and professional markets, as well as system on a chip units for the mobile computing and automotive market.